A Grand Canonical Ensemble Approach to the Thermodynamic Properties of the Nucleon in the Quark-Gluon Coupling Model

In this paper, we put forward a way to study the nucleon's thermodynamic properties such as its temperature, entropy and so on, without inputting any free parameters by human hand, even the nucleon's mass and radius. First we use the Lagrangian density of the quark gluon coupling fields to deduce the Dirac Equation of the quarks confined in the gluon fields. By boundary conditions we solve the wave functions and energy eigenvalues of the quarks, and thus get energy-momentum tensor, nucleon mass, and density of states. Then we utilize a hybrid grand canonical ensemble, to generate the temperature and chemical potentials of quarks, antiquarks of three flovars by the four conservation laws of the energy and the valence quark numbers, after which, all other thermodynamic properties are known. The only seemed free paremeter, the nucleon radius is finally determined by the grand potential minimal principle.Comment: 5 pages, LaTe

Nonequilibrium Evolution of Correlation Functions: A Canonical Approach

We study nonequilibrium evolution in a self-interacting quantum field theory invariant under space translation only by using a canonical approach based on the recently developed Liouville-von Neumann formalism. The method is first used to obtain the correlation functions both in and beyond the Hartree approximation, for the quantum mechanical analog of the $\phi^{4}$ model. The technique involves representing the Hamiltonian in a Fock basis of annihilation and creation operators. By separating it into a solvable Gaussian part involving quadratic terms and a perturbation of quartic terms, it is possible to find the improved vacuum state to any desired order. The correlation functions for the field theory are then investigated in the Hartree approximation and those beyond the Hartree approximation are obtained by finding the improved vacuum state corrected up to ${\cal O}(\lambda^2)$. These correlation functions take into account next-to-leading and next-to-next-to-leading order effects in the coupling constant. We also use the Heisenberg formalism to obtain the time evolution equations for the equal-time, connected correlation functions beyond the leading order. These equations are derived by including the connected 4-point functions in the hierarchy. The resulting coupled set of equations form a part of infinite hierarchy of coupled equations relating the various connected n-point functions. The connection with other approaches based on the path integral formalism is established and the physical implications of the set of equations are discussed with particular emphasis on thermalization.Comment: Revtex, 32 pages; substantial new material dealing with non-equilibrium evolution beyond Hartree approx. based on the LvN formalism, has been adde

Functional mechanisms underlying pleiotropic risk alleles at the 19p13.1 breast-ovarian cancer susceptibility locus

A locus at 19p13 is associated with breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) risk. Here we analyse 438 SNPs in this region in 46,451 BC and 15,438 OC cases, 15,252 BRCA1 mutation carriers and 73,444 controls and identify 13 candidate causal SNPs associated with serous OC (P=9.2 × 10-20), ER-negative BC (P=1.1 × 10-13), BRCA1-associated BC (P=7.7 × 10-16) and triple negative BC (P-diff=2 × 10-5). Genotype-gene expression associations are identified for candidate target genes ANKLE1 (P=2 × 10-3) and ABHD8 (P<2 × 10-3). Chromosome conformation capture identifies interactions between four candidate SNPs and ABHD8, and luciferase assays indicate six risk alleles increased transactivation of the ADHD8 promoter. Targeted deletion of a region containing risk SNP rs56069439 in a putative enhancer induces ANKLE1 downregulation; and mRNA stability assays indicate functional effects for an ANKLE1 3′-UTR SNP. Altogether, these data suggest that multiple SNPs at 19p13 regulate ABHD8 and perhaps ANKLE1 expression, and indicate common mechanisms underlying breast and ovarian cancer risk

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

BACKGROUND: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. METHODS: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. FINDINGS: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. INTERPRETATION: This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing

Haemoglobin and transferrin types of some West African cattle

Polymorphic blood traits are very useful for studies of evolution, relationship and structure of breeds. Some of the systems are particularly valuable when no family data are available because the genotype can be determined directly. This paper reports the results of investigations of haemoglobin (Hb) and transferrin (Tf) types in the Muturu, N'Dama, Gudali and Red Mbororo breeds of Nigeria.The Hb gene frequencies were: Muturu, HbA = 0.72, HbD = 0.28; Gudali, HbA = 0.06, HbB = 0.32, HbC = 0.08; Red Bororo, HbA = 0.54, HbB = 0.44, HbC = 0.02. Transferin studies showed six different Tf phenotypes in Muturu their distribution being in agreement with the occurrence of the alleles TƒA, TƒD¹ and TƒD². In N'Dama the nine different Tf phenotypes were observed and explained by the alleles TƒA, TƒD¹, TƒD², and TƒE. In the Gudali 15 different phenotypes were found with distribution in agreement with the occurrences of the alleles TƒA, TƒB, TƒD², TƒF and TƒE. All alleles in this breed occurred at 0.1. In a limited number of Red Bororo cattle nine Tf phenotypes were seen. Their distribution can be explained by the occurrence of six genes: TƒA, TƒB, TƒD¹, TƒD², TƒF and TƒE

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Not AvailableSuccessful treatment of two cases of Cystic ovarian degeneration in camels is reportedNot Availabl

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Not AvailableThe testes are normally in the scrotum or just after birth in most of the domestic livestock. The incidence of cryptorchidism i.e. failure to descend of one or both testes is higher in horses followed by pigs and least in cattle (Arthur et al., 1989). In camels the development of scrotal sac and descent of testes occurs after birth between 66 and 296 days and this process has been reported to be influenced by the ambient temperature (Bissa et al., 1988). Incidence of cryptorchidism was reported by Kohli and Verma (1981). The cryptorchidism may occur due to disordered endocrine secretion and could also be due to genetic abnormality (Arthur et al., loc. cit.). A case of cryptorhid camel belonging to Bikaneri breed of India is reported in this article. This animal was born at N.R.C. on Camel. The scrotal sac of the cryptorchid camel was rudimentary without testicles. It exhibited symptoms of rut viz. restlessness, aggressiveness, grinding of teeth, gurgling sound, ejection and blowing of soft palate oozing of acrid dark brown secretions from the poll glands during breeding season after attaining puberty and also mounted females for mating. Attempts to collect semen in artificial vagina from the animal were successful. The camel exhibited normal libido. During breeding season ejaculation time was 4.0 ? 0.5 min. which was almost similar to ejaculation time reported by Rai et al., (1988) for normal camel studs. In all 8 semen samples were collected. The volume of ejaculates varied from 3.7 to 4.0 ml. The semen was grayish in color, thin viscid with mild gel. The pH varied from 8.0 to 8.5. The microscopic examination revealed azoospermia and the volume was comparatively lesser than in the breeding season (average 2.2 ml). The sexual behaviour was comparable to the behaviour of normal camel studs during non breeding season reported by rai et al., (1996).Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSeventeen adult pleuriparous camels belonging to National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner, India were examined for presence of follicle (>10 mm diameter) with the help of ultrasound scanner. They were mated with a virile stud and blood samples were collected immediately after mating (day 0) followed by day 7, 14, 21, 30 and 45 post mating. Sera were analysed for progesterone concentration to determine status of pregnancy. Failure of fertilization and/or nidation (66.7%) and inovulation (33.3%) were observed to be the main causes of pregnancy failures. No case of early embryonic mortality (between day 21 and 45) was observed in this studyNot Availabl

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Not AvailableSuccessful treatment of two cases of Cystic ovarian degeneration in camels is reported.Not Availabl