Infrared anomalous Hall effect in SrRuO3_3: Evidence for crossover to intrinsic behavior

The origin of the Hall effect in many itinerant ferromagnets is still not resolved, with an anomalous contribution from the sample magnetization that can exhibit extrinsic or intrinsic behavior. We report the first mid-infared (MIR) measurements of the complex Hall ($\theta_H$), Faraday ($\theta_F$), and Kerr ($\theta_K$) angles, as well as the Hall conductivity ($\sigma_{xy}$) in a SrRuO$_3$ film in the 115-1400 meV energy range. The magnetic field, temperature, and frequency dependence of the Hall effect is explored. The MIR magneto-optical response shows very strong frequency dependence, including sign changes. Below 200 meV, the MIR $\theta_H (T)$ changes sign between 120 and 150 K, as is observed in dc Hall measurements. Above 200 meV, the temperature dependence of $\theta_H$ is similar to that of the dc magnetization and the measurements are in good agreement with predictions from a band calculation for the intrinsic anomalous Hall effect (AHE). The temperature and frequency dependence of the measured Hall effect suggests that whereas the behavior above 200 meV is consistent with an intrinsic AHE, the extrinsic AHE plays an important role in the lower energy response.Comment: The resolution of figures is improve

Orbitally driven spin-singlet dimerization in SS=1 La4_{4}Ru2_{2}O10_{10}

Using x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Ru-$L_{2,3}$ edge we reveal that the Ru$^{4+}$ ions remain in the $S$=1 spin state across the rare 4d-orbital ordering transition and spin-gap formation. We find using local spin density approximation + Hubbard U (LSDA+U) band structure calculations that the crystal fields in the low temperature phase are not strong enough to stabilize the $S$=0 state. Instead, we identify a distinct orbital ordering with a significant anisotropy of the antiferromagnetic exchange couplings. We conclude that La$_{4}$Ru$_{2}$O$_{10}$ appears to be a novel material in which the orbital physics drives the formation of spin-singlet dimers in a quasi 2-dimensional $S$=1 system.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, and 1 tabl

Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous NaY zeolite from natural Blitar's kaolin

Mesoporous NaY Zeolite has been synthesized from calcined natural Blitar's kaolin with the addition of NaOH and CTABr surfactant as mesoporous template by hydrothermal method. Natural kaolin was calcinated with different time and temperature to change kaolin to metakaolin. X-ray diffraction data showed that mesoporous NaY zeolite was formed with impurities compound of sodalite, kaolin and quartz phases. The BET analysis resulted that the pore of NaY Zeolite belongs to mesoporous type with pore size 9,421 nm. Characterization from FTIR confirmed about the functional group of zeolites (988, 776, 663, 464 cm-1). Scanning electron microscopy characterization showed that the morphological of mesoporous NaY zeolites have uniform and crystalline particles formed

Residents' attitude toward tourism development: A sociocultural perspective

Host population support for tourism development has attracted the attention of researchersin tourism studies. Given the importance of understanding local community support for tourismdevelopment, limitations in understanding their priority and lack of a socio-cultural model ofsupport for tourism, this study attempted to model locals' support for tourism development based onsocio-cultural factors in Malaysian Homestay program. Using extensive literature review, a tourismsupport model was proposed including several hypothesized paths. The proposed socio-culturalresearch framework predicted the impact of Islamic religiosity, locals' knowledge about tourism, intrinsic motivation factors and community attachment on locals support for tourism developmentthrough mediating variables of perceived socio-cultural benefits and costs in Malaysian Homestays., the model and paths were tested using structural equation modelling and partial least squarealgorithm (PLS-SEM) with the aid of SmartPLS software. Findings reveal that locals' support fortourism development in Homestay program is a function of perceived socio-cultural benefits andcosts perceived by local community and four independent variables of Islamic religiosity, knowledgeabout tourism, intrinsic motivations, and community attachment.authors

Saturation of electrical resistivity

Resistivity saturation is observed in many metallic systems with a large resistivity, i.e., when the resistivity has reached a critical value, its further increase with temperature is substantially reduced. This typically happens when the apparent mean free path is comparable to the interatomic separations - the Ioffe-Regel condition. Recently, several exceptions to this rule have been found. Here, we review experimental results and early theories of resistivity saturation. We then describe more recent theoretical work, addressing cases both where the Ioffe-Regel condition is satisfied and where it is violated. In particular we show how the (semiclassical) Ioffe-Regel condition can be derived quantum-mechanically under certain assumptions about the system and why these assumptions are violated for high-Tc cuprates and alkali-doped fullerides.Comment: 16 pages, RevTeX, 15 eps figures, additional material available at http://www.mpi-stuttgart.mpg.de/andersen/saturation

The Pentameric Vertex Proteins Are Necessary for the Icosahedral Carboxysome Shell to Function as a CO2 Leakage Barrier

BACKGROUND: Carboxysomes are polyhedral protein microcompartments found in many autotrophic bacteria; they encapsulate the CO(2) fixing enzyme, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) within a thin protein shell and provide an environment that enhances the catalytic capabilities of the enzyme. Two types of shell protein constituents are common to carboxysomes and related microcompartments of heterotrophic bacteria, and the genes for these proteins are found in a large variety of bacteria. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We have created a Halothiobacillus neapolitanus knockout mutant that does not produce the two paralogous CsoS4 proteins thought to occupy the vertices of the icosahedral carboxysomes and related microcompartments. Biochemical and ultrastructural analyses indicated that the mutant predominantly forms carboxysomes of normal appearance, in addition to some elongated microcompartments. Despite their normal shape, purified mutant carboxysomes are functionally impaired, although the activities of the encapsulated enzymes are not negatively affected. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: In the absence of the CsoS4 proteins the carboxysome shell loses its limited permeability to CO(2) and is no longer able to provide the catalytic advantage RubisCO derives from microcompartmentalization. This study presents direct evidence that the diffusion barrier property of the carboxysome shell contributes significantly to the biological function of the carboxysome

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Importance of Post-Translational Modifications for Functionality of a Chloroplast-Localized Carbonic Anhydrase (CAH1) in Arabidopsis thaliana

Background: The Arabidopsis CAH1 alpha-type carbonic anhydrase is one of the few plant proteins known to be targeted to the chloroplast through the secretory pathway. CAH1 is post-translationally modified at several residues by the attachment of N-glycans, resulting in a mature protein harbouring complex-type glycans. The reason of why trafficking through this non-canonical pathway is beneficial for certain chloroplast resident proteins is not yet known. Therefore, to elucidate the significance of glycosylation in trafficking and the effect of glycosylation on the stability and function of the protein, epitope-labelled wild type and mutated versions of CAH1 were expressed in plant cells. Methodology/Principal Findings: Transient expression of mutant CAH1 with disrupted glycosylation sites showed that the protein harbours four, or in certain cases five, N-glycans. While the wild type protein trafficked through the secretory pathway to the chloroplast, the non-glycosylated protein formed aggregates and associated with the ER chaperone BiP, indicating that glycosylation of CAH1 facilitates folding and ER-export. Using cysteine mutants we also assessed the role of disulphide bridge formation in the folding and stability of CAH1. We found that a disulphide bridge between cysteines at positions 27 and 191 in the mature protein was required for correct folding of the protein. Using a mass spectrometric approach we were able to measure the enzymatic activity of CAH1 protein. Under circumstances where protein N-glycosylation is blocked in vivo, the activity of CAH1 is completely inhibited. Conclusions/Significance: We show for the first time the importance of post-translational modifications such as N-glycosylation and intramolecular disulphide bridge formation in folding and trafficking of a protein from the secretory pathway to the chloroplast in higher plants. Requirements for these post-translational modifications for a fully functional native protein explain the need for an alternative route to the chloroplast.This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council (VR), the Kempe Foundations and Carl Tryggers Foundation to GS, and grant numbers BIO2006-08946 and BIO2009-11340 from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) to A

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background: There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low-and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods: Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results: Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion: For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially