Early Predictors of Executive Function Abilities in School-Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Executive Functions (EF) are a set of cognitive processes that direct and regulate behavior for the purpose of future goal attainment. These processes include working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, planning, and fluency. Previous research has delineated impairments in individual processes of EF that may be related to the core social and communicative deficits typically found in children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). This line of research thus far has yielded mixed results, and further clarification is needed to determine if EF are directly related to clinical measures of ASD symptoms. Understanding the development of EF is critical, as measures of EF have been used to positively predict mathematical and reading ability, and academic and social functioning. While trajectories of EF development have been studied in typically developing children, few studies have examined predictors of EF in ASDs. Studies that have examined predictors of outcome in children with ASDs suggest that motor and language development may be important developmental markers of later functioning. The current study examined early predictors of EF and the concurrent development of EF and ASD symptoms in a sample of adolescents with High Functioning Autism (n = 22). Participants were evaluated at three time points with developmental data collected at the approximate ages of 2 (Time 1) and 4 (Time 2) and measures of EF and ASD symptoms collected at age 9 (Time 3). EF measures collected at Time 3 included performance based measures and parent report of EF. Consistent with previous literature, largest impairments in EF were found on tasks of cognitive flexibility, planning, and simple memory and attention. There was very little overlap between parent report of EF at home and lab based measures of analogous processes. Tests of EF were inversely related to ASD symptoms and adaptive functioning. Lastly, in examining developmental precursors of EF, the current study found that motor functioning at Time 1 positively predicted performance across multiple tasks of EF

The role of Social Value Orientation in response to an unfair offer in the Ultimatum Game

Two studies examined the influence of Social Value Orientation (SVO) on the decision to accept or reject an unfair offer in the Ultimatum Game (UG). In both studies, participants with different SVOs (Prosocials, Individualists and Competitors), measured about 3 weeks prior to the UG, responded to an offer of "$8 for Proposer,$2 for Participant", believing it came from a human Proposer. In both studies Prosocials accepted the offer more frequently than Individualists and Competitors, who did not differ. Further, we found that SVO differences in positive emotions in response to the offer (Study 1), and positive cognitions toward the offer and the proposer (Study 2) underlie the SVO effect on UG decision, suggesting a role for SVO differences in the utilization of emotion regulation strategies. Implications of the present findings for "altruistic punishment" and "emotions/self-regulation" accounts as motivators of UG decisions are discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved