Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017 : A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study

Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Study of synthetic complex esters as automotive gear lubricants

A number of di- and triol-centered polyols such as 2, 2-dimethyl-l, 3-propane diol, 2, 2-diethyl-l, 3-propane diol and I, I, l-tris hydroxy methyl propane complex/esters have been synthesized using di-carboxylic acids like adipic and sebacic acids (CoClO) and 2-ethyll-hexanol with indigenous ion-exchange resin (Indion-130) catalys( The applicability of these esters 'as automotive gear lubricants has been evaluated. The products were found to be compatible with extreme pressure additives. In addition, the products are readily biodegradable. Copyright @ 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Jatropha Curcas : A Potential Source of Biodiesel Diesel Extender

EnvironmentalJactors are the main drivingJorceJor better Juels and questJor alternatives. Public interest in a cleaner environment has led to the passage oj the US Clean Air Act Amendments oj 1990 and the Energy Policy Act qf 1992 (10% motor Juels to beJrom non-petroleum sources by 2000 and 30% by 2010). Biodiesel, a renewable diesel Juel substitute or blending stock, is currently being commercialized in the United States and Europe. Biodiesel has virtually no sulphur or aromatics and contains 11% oj oxygen by weight. It also has a high cetane, usually above 50, due primarily to the long straight chain nature oj the Jatty acid portion oj the ester. These attributes allow biodiesel to be used as an emissions reducing Jactor Juel component and the lack oJ aromatics may contribute significantly to reduction in exhaust gas mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Biodiesel is also claimed to have superior lubricity to conventional petroleum base diesel. Applications Jor biodiesel appear to be those where it can provide value added benefits (emissions, biodegradability, lubricity, cetane etc) or those where it represents a cost competitive option to meet other legislative initiations (alternateJuels, green house gas reduction, economic development). Commercial biodiesel available < in the market is baSed on rape seed, suriflower,soybean. palm, linseed, olive, cotton, usedJrying i and waste oils. i < I In the Indian context the species oj choice will be one which can provide non-edible, under I exploited oil and can be grown on arid and semi arid land. One oj the plants which qualifies the above requirements is Jatropha curcas. Potential oj curcas oil as a candidate Jor biodiesel, optimization oj reaction parameters Jor the conversion oj curcas oil into biodiesel, physico-chemical properties oj curcas oil and methyl ester oj curcas oil (biodiesel) and availability qf curcas oil are some oj the aspects which will be highlighted in this paper

',MODIFIEDVEGETABLE OILS AS BIODIESEL AND DIESEL EXTENDERS

Biofuel is a new motor fuel that is beginning to emerge on the international scene in the wake of passagoef the clean Air Act amendments of 1990 and the energy policy act or 1992, Biodiescl hasvirtually no sulphur and aromatics, high oxygen by weight and high cetane number. These ! anributcsallow biodiesel to be a better quality fuel than diesel fuel and to be used as all I emissionsreducing fuel component. Lack of aromatics contribute significantly to reduction in i exhaustgases e.g. NOx and particulates. Biodiesel also holds promise as a cetane improver. ~; Environmentarlegulations are going to put severe demands on oil industry for improving fuel ; quality. In India too, major change has been the drastic reduction in sulphur content. Biofuel, r \\hichhasno sulphurandhighcetanenumber,can be an alternatefor reducingthe pollutionand r improvingthe quality of conventional fuel. The paper presents the problems associated with the use of vegetable oils as a substitute for dieselfuel and the advantages of using the methyl esters as diesel substitute/diesel extender

Study of synthetic complex esters as automotive gear lubricants

A number of di- and triol-centered polyols such as 2, 2-dimethyl-l, 3-propane diol, 2, 2-diethyl-l, 3-propane diol and 1, 1, 'l-tris hydroxy methyl propane complex esters have been synthesized using di-carboxylic acids like adipic and sebacic acids (C6-C1O) and 2-ethyll-hexanol with indigenous ion-exchange resin (Indion-130) catalyst. The applicability of these esters as automotive gear lubricants has been evaluated. The products were found to be compatible with extreme pressure additives. In addition, the products are readily biodegradable. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Development of ecofriendly/biodegradable lubricants: An overview

Synthetic and vegetable oil basedesters offer the best choice in formulating environment friendly lubricants. ln the present review an attempt hasbeenmade to highlight some recent developments in the area of biodegradable synthetic ester basestocks for formulation of new generation lubricants including the efforts made so far at the author's laboratory in this direction. The developed products find applications in automotive transmission fluids. metal working fluids. cold rolling oils. fire resistant hydraulic fluids. industrial gear oils. neat cutting oils and automotive gear lubricants either alone or in formulations

POTENTIAL OF JOJ 0 BA OIL:INDIAN SCENARIO

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis Link: Schneider) seed oil offers a potential ecofiiendly, biodegradable and renewable source for replacing some of the constituents of petroleum whichare used for non-energy applications. Its seed oil is unique because it is a wax ester instead of a typical triglyceride. Jojoba oil and its derivatives have diversifieduses. Some of the potential applications include cosmetic&,pharmaceuticals, lubricants, additives, specialty chemicals and products, food, electrical insulators, foam control agents, plasticizers,fire retardants, transformer oil etc. -, Extensive studies have been carried out at lIP on the utilization of jojoba oil and its derivativesas a source of lubricating oil base stock, additives and specialty chemicals. The paper presents an overview of the results of these investigations

UPGRADING OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES FOR TRANSPORTATION FUELS

Oxygenated fuels derived from biomass are ga1n1ng importance because of the restrictions on the presence of lead and aromatics 1n gasoline as well as because of their capability to reduce the net green house gases from autoemissions. In addition, biomass provides the cleanest synthetic fuel as compared to coal, shale and'tar sands. Biomass from which energy can be reclaimed can be harvested as gro~n crops or natural stands from waste, arid and semiarid lands, as surplus from crops grown primarily for food and manufacturing raw materials and through agricultural wastes. Since India has basically agricultural dependent economy, the manufacture of chemicals and fuels from agriculture wastes and forestry products is getting a degree of attention it never had before. The paper presents an overv1ew of the availability of some of the surplus agricultural resides as well as the var10us conversion processes for upgrading these to liquid fuels. Advantages of , some of the processes over others are also discussed

SYNTHESIS OF ESTOLIDES AND ANALOGUES OF JOJOBA OIL FOR LUBRICATING OIL FORMULATIONS

For widening the scope of utilization of jojoba oil as a .lubricant, modification of some of its properties depending upon end-use applications is essential. While some of the properties can be improved by the addition of suitable additives, commercially available pour point depresents have little effect on the pour point of jojoba oil. Chemical transformation of jojoba oil involving lransesterification with a !:mitable fatty alcohol or fatty acid seems to be an attractive route for achieving this goal. Further, because of the non-availability of jojoba oil on a commercial scale 1n India, .certain non-edible and under exploited vegetable (triglyceride) oils can also b(~ converted into jojoba oil equivalents (analogues) by this approach. Long chain unsaturated fatty alcohols or fatty acids and glycerol, released as a byproduct depending upon the starting materials used, are also valuable industrial raw materials. Reaction conditions for transesterification have been optimized us1ng model compounds. The desired jojoba estolides were then synthesised using appropriate unsaturated 2 fatty acid or fatty alcohol. Jojoba analogues have been ~ prepared using triglyceride oil!'>and appropriate alcohol as starting materials. Jojoba estolides and analogues, with improvement in pour points varYlng from 6 to 24°C and 3 to 6°C respectively, have been obtained