A Search for Ecofriendly Detergent/Dispersant Additives for Vegetable-Oil Based Lubricants A Search for Ecofriendly Detergent/Dispersant Additives for Vegetable-Oil Based Lubricants A Search for Ecofriendly Detergent/Dispersant Additives for Vegetable-Oil Based Lubricants

Carbonaceous deposits in automotive engines are the major problems associated with oil aging. Efficient detergents and dispersants have been used for several decades to solve this problem particularly in petroleum oils. But future lubricants and new engine hardware require development of new nontoxic detergent/dispersant additive technologies. Environmental concerns limit the formula- tion of the future lubricants. It requires not only the base oil to be ecofriendly but the additives also. In the present work, some of the potential ecofriendly chemical’s mole- cules were identified. Specific detergents applications along with effects of chemical modifications were evalu- ated by Blotters Spot and Panel Coker Tests. Among the studied compounds, the PIB (polyisobutylene) succini- mides are showing promising results at lower temperature, while at higher temperature piperazine derivatives citrate and oleate have the best potential to be develop as ecofriendly detergent/dispersant additives

Characterization of Tribofilmfrom Sulfurized Mohwa Oil

The reaction products of sulfurized Mohwa oil with iron powder in hydrocarbon medium at 150◦C for 8h were studied to investigate the type of lubricant films formed during their application as antiwear and extreme pressure additives. The main reaction product was isolated on the basis of its solubility in mixed solvent. Surface characterization was carried out using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), fouriertransforminfrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magneticresonance(NMR), X-ray diffractionspectroscopy (XRD), scanningelectron microscope(SEM),andhighfrequency reciprocal rig (HFRR). Anexamination of their elemental analysis and instrumental analysis data reveals that there is reduction in the length of the alkyl chains and carbonyl ester groups with formation of inorganic iron sulfides. Polymerized product with a number of ketonic and aldehydic groups containing iron and sulfur in the polymeric films in the form of unsaturated cyclic rings was also formed. The films are organo-inorganic in nature, unlike the purely inorganic iron sulfide type. The load-carrying characteristic of this product is strongly influenced by the type of the film formed on the iron surfaces

Environmentally Adapted Lubricants, Part II. Hydraulic Fluids

Current technologies relating to hydraulic fluids are mostly either mineral based, synthetic based, or water-based. Mineral oil based hydraulic fluids tend to be used for their excellent lubrication characteristics, economic viability, and so account for almost 90% of hydraulic fluids, while water- based fluids tend to be employed in fire hazard applications. Synthetic hydraulic jluids possess superior properties to mineral oils, but their higher price limits their application to aerospace and special applications under severe conditions. In recent years, biodegradable hydraulic fluids, which are readily decomposed by micro-organisms, have come into focus due to the rise in environmental consciousness in European countries, particularly Sweden and Germany, and with this, vegetable-based fluids. In the present paper, the main categories of hydraulic jluids, including environmentally friendly fluids, are discussed in an overview of the state of technology in this area. Current governmental regulation, and the properties required of environmentally adapted fluids, and an appraisal of the current practices in various countries are also given. In an earlier paper", the authors reviewed the key aspects of and require- ments for environmentally adapted lubricants, namely, chemical composition, eco-toxicity, biodegradability, bio-accumulation, eco-labelling schemes, and lije-cycle analysi

Optimization of Reaction Conditions for Preparing Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Corn Cobic Agricultural Waste

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is an impor- tant industrial polymer with a wide range of applications in flocculation, drag reduction, detergents, textiles, paper, foods, drugs, and oil well drilling operation. The various properties of CMC depend upon three factors: molecular weight of the polymer, average number of carboxyl content per anhydroglucose unit (AGU) i.e. degree of substitution and also on the distribution of carboxyl substituent’s along the polymer chains. The cellulose extracted from corn cobic lignocellulosic waste biomass was converted to CMC by etherification process using sodium hydroxide and monochloroacetic acid (MCA) under heterogeneous con- dition. The carboxymethylation reaction was optimized against the NaOH concentration, monochloroacetic acid concentration, reaction temperature and time. The degree of substitution (DS) was analyzed with respect to the reaction conditions using chemical method. The produced CMC was characterized by using Fourier transform infra- red spectra and X-ray diffractogram. The optimized con- ditions to yield CMC with high DS of 1.18 are; concentration of aqueous NaOH 3.25 mol/AGU, 25 % (w/v); concentration of MCA, 2.4 mol/AGU; reaction time, 3.0 h and temperature, 60 C with isopropyl alcohol as the supporting solvent medium

A novel method for controlled synthesis of nanosized hematite (a-Fe2O3) thin film on liquid–vapor interface

Hematite (a-Fe2O3) films with a high quality surface morphology have been formed at the liquid–vapor interface using a novel approach. The surface morphology/size of the nanoparticles consti- tuting the film is tuned in a controlled manner. It is observed that the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol in the precursor Fe3?/Fe2? solution, the concentration of ammonia (NH3) vapor, and the annealing temperature are factors influencing the surface morphology/size of nanoparticles. The diameter of the a-Fe2O3 nanopar- ticles inside the film is controlled to be 2–15 nm by varying the synthesis conditions, and accordingly the films have roughness in the 1.34–6.8 nm range. Th

Environmentally Adapted Lubricants, Part 1. An Overview

The requirementfor environmentally adapted lubricants has begun to play an increasingly important role in many industrial applications, particularly in the last two decades. The present-day requirements for biodegradable and eco-ji-iendly lubricants imply that lubricants have properties that can minimise, if not eliminate, negative environmental impact, such as contam- ination oj soil and water, caused by lost lubrication, leakage and accidents. The dominant,factors that have a direct impact on the ensironment and which characterise the lubricant and its chemical composition, are toxicity, bio-ac- cumulation and biodegradability. Biodegradabih'ty is perhaps the most im- portant factor which determines the fate oj lubricant in the environment. Various commercial, governmental, and regulatory initiatives exist that protect the interests ojthe consumer. Life cycle analysis can help in assessing the total environmental impact of lubricants. This paper reviews the essential requirements of environmentally adapted lubricants, i.e., chemical composi- tion, eco-toxiciv, biodegradability, bio-accumulation, and eco-labelling schemes, and life cycle analysi

Synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones in the presence of water under solvent free conditions using conventional heating, microwave irradiation/ultrasound

An efficient, simple, and environmentally clean synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones in excellent yields in the presence of water without additional solvent/acid catalyst under conventional heating, microwave irradiation/ ultrasound is reported

Lubrication Potential of Boron Compounds: An Overview

Boron compounds are emerging as promising materials for Q wide range of applications in automotive and industrial lubrication sys- tems. Several studies conducted on boron compounds have revealed that they exhibit desirable properties for preparing stable and compat- ible lubricant components for a new generation of lubricating oil formulations. Boron-containing lubricants have major tribological ad- vantages, such as antiwear efficiency, good film strength, high- temperature resistance, and self-lubricating properties. The increasing number of patents concerning boron-containing lubricants illustrates commercial interest in this area. Boron lubricants can be used in many forms, such as oxides, esters, and boric acid. Therefore, it can be expected that a new generation of lubricant formulations includes boron compounds. This paper presents an overview of various solid and liquid lubricants containing boron as an important ingredient, and is intended to aid the development of new lubricant