17 research outputs found

    Genetic determinants of heel bone properties: genome-wide association meta-analysis and replication in the GEFOS/GENOMOS consortium

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    Quantitative ultrasound of the heel captures heel bone properties that independently predict fracture risk and, with bone mineral density (BMD) assessed by X-ray (DXA), may be convenient alternatives for evaluating osteoporosis and fracture risk. We performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association (GWA) studies to assess the genetic determinants of heel broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA; n = 14 260), velocity of sound (VOS; n = 15 514) and BMD (n = 4566) in 13 discovery cohorts. Independent replication involved seven cohorts with GWA data (in silico n = 11 452) and new genotyping in 15 cohorts (de novo n = 24 902). In combined random effects, meta-analysis of the discovery and replication cohorts, nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) had genome-wide significant (P < 5 × 10(-8)) associations with heel bone properties. Alongside SNPs within or near previously identified osteoporosis susceptibility genes including ESR1 (6q25.1: rs4869739, rs3020331, rs2982552), SPTBN1 (2p16.2: rs11898505), RSPO3 (6q22.33: rs7741021), WNT16 (7q31.31: rs2908007), DKK1 (10q21.1: rs7902708) and GPATCH1 (19q13.11: rs10416265), we identified a new locus on chromosome 11q14.2 (rs597319 close to TMEM135, a gene recently linked to osteoblastogenesis and longevity) significantly associated with both BUA and VOS (P < 8.23 × 10(-14)). In meta-analyses involving 25 cohorts with up to 14 985 fracture cases, six of 10 SNPs associated with heel bone properties at P < 5 × 10(-6) also had the expected direction of association with any fracture (P < 0.05), including three SNPs with P < 0.005: 6q22.33 (rs7741021), 7q31.31 (rs2908007) and 10q21.1 (rs7902708). In conclusion, this GWA study reveals the effect of several genes common to central DXA-derived BMD and heel ultrasound/DXA measures and points to a new genetic locus with potential implications for better understanding of osteoporosis pathophysiology

    New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

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    Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms

    The gross domestic product of Sweden and its composition 1861-1955 /

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    Traffic safety and the economic situation : model approaches and a litterature survey

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    Detta projekt har omfattat tvÄ delstudier. Syftet med den första har varit att undersöka vilka typer av olyckor som Àr mest kÀnsliga för ekonomisk konjunktur och vilka trafikantgrupper som Àr inblandade. Syftet med den andra studien har varit att titta pÄ vissa tillstÄnd, sÄsom andel tung trafik, andel ungdomar bland körkortsinnehavare, trafikarbete uppdelat pÄ Äldersgrupper, etcetera, och se hur dessa samvarierardels med konjunkturen, dels med utfallet i dödade och skadade. I denna rapport ges en översikt över de statistiska metoder andra forskare anvÀnt och vilka mÄtt pÄ det ekonomiska lÀget de tagit in i sina modeller. Det visade sig att arbetslöshet var den vanligaste ekonomiska förklaringsvariabeln dÀr en ökning av arbetslösheten indikerar en nedgÄng av antalet trafikdödade. En del av nedgÄngen i antalet trafikdödade förklaras av att unga förare minskar sitt bilÄkande, detta gÀllde sÀrskilt för lÄgkonjunkturen i början av 1990-talet. Det finns ÀndÄ kvar en effekt av arbetslöshet som inte förklaras av unga förares bilÄkande. Ett försök att jÀmföra dödsolyckor dÀr föraren visat prov pÄ olÀmpligt beteende, sÄsom hastighetsövertrÀdelse, ej anvÀnt bilbÀlte eller drogpÄverkan, i en period av lÄgkonjunktur jÀmfört med perioder av högkonjunktur pÄvisade en ibland ovÀntad likhet. Sett till det absoluta antalet dödsolyckor tycks en del riskbenÀgna bilförare ha försvunnit frÄn trafiken eller Àndrat sitt beteende i och med lÄgkonjunkturen. Dock har Àven antalet dödsolyckor med mer försiktiga bilförare minskat i motsvarande grad. Orsaken till att andelen dödsolyckor med riskbenÀgna respektive med mer försiktiga bilförare Àr oförÀndrad Àr dock oklar.This project includes two subprojects. The objective of the first subproject has been to investigate which types of accidents are most sensitive to the state of the market and which road user groups are involved. The objective of the second subproject was to study certain conditions, such as percentage of heavy vehicles, percentage of young driving licence holders, vehicle milage per age group, etc., and to see how these covary with the state of the market as well as with the resulting number of killed and injured road users. An overview of the statistical methods that other researchers have used and which measures of the state of the market they have included in their models is given in this report. It was concluded that unemployment was the most common economic variable, where an increase in unemployment indicates a decrease in the number of killed road users. It was then shown that part of the reduction in the number of fatalities is explained by young drivers' reducing their car use. This applies particulary to the regression in the early 1990s. There is, however, still a remaining effect of unemployment that cannot be explained by young drivers car use. An attempt to compare fatal accidents where the driver behavior has been inappropriate, such as speeding, not using safety belt or being under the influence of drugs, before and in a recession revealed a sometimes surprising similarity. In absolute numbers it seems that some risk-taking drivers may have dropped out of the traffic or changed behaviour in the recession. The number of fatal accidents with more careful drivers has however decreased by a similar degree. Why the number of fatal accidents with risk-taking and more careful drivers decreased by a similar amount, in a relative sense, is not clear

    Framtida slamhantering – FörbrĂ€nning kombinerat med fosforĂ„tervinning ur askan

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    Det hĂ€r projektet syftar till att ta fram ett underlag som belyser för– och nackdelar med förbrĂ€nning av slam, betraktat ur ett helhetsperspektiv och baseras pĂ„ försök i fullstor- och pilotskala. Livscykelanalys anvĂ€nds för att utvĂ€rdera potentiell miljöpĂ„verkan frĂ„n behandling av slam, om man övergĂ„r frĂ„n kompostering till förbrĂ€nning (inklusive fosforĂ„tervinning frĂ„n askor). Prover av bottenaska, flygaska, rökgas och renat rökgaskondensat frĂ„n alla försöken analyserades. De flesta utvĂ€rderingar av askorna, rökgasemission och kondensatsvatten visade att det finns en bra möjlighet att förbrĂ€nna slammen i befintliga pannor. MassbalansberĂ€kningar över förbrĂ€nningsanlĂ€ggningen visade att de flesta tungmetallerna hamnar i askor vid förbrĂ€nningen. Resultat frĂ„n livscykelanalys visade att ett teknikbyte frĂ„n kompostering till samförbrĂ€nning (som behandlingsmetod för rötat slam) innebĂ€r att man kan minska anvĂ€ndningen av fossila energiresurser, minska klimatpĂ„verkan och minska potentialen för toxisk pĂ„verkan pĂ„ natur och mĂ€nniskor utan att orsaka signifikant högre miljöpĂ„verkan av annat slag. Resultat i studien visar, att den ovan formulerade slutsatsen Ă€r föga beroende av variabeln slambehandlingsmetod. DĂ€remot gĂ€ller slutsatsen under studiens förutsĂ€ttningar och Ă€r kĂ€nslig för de randvillkor som rĂ€knas upp i rapporten.Termisk behandling av slam Ă€r intressant i framtiden eftersom det kan destruera giftiga Ă€mnen av exempelvis lĂ€kemedelsrester, mikroplaster och polymerrester. FörbrĂ€nning av slam ger möjligheter att destruera dessa föroreningar, samtidigt som det skapas möjligheter att Ă„tervinna nĂ€ringsĂ€mnen, sĂ„som fosfor, frĂ„n askan. Projektet undersökte monoförbrĂ€nning av slam samt samförbrĂ€nning av slam med RT-flis. FörbrĂ€nningsförsöken visade att det finns möjligheter att anvĂ€nda befintliga pannor för slamförbrĂ€nning om vissa enheter för rening av luft och vatten uppgraderas

    Framtida slamhantering – FörbrĂ€nning kombinerat med fosforĂ„tervinning ur askan

    No full text
    Det hĂ€r projektet syftar till att ta fram ett underlag som belyser för– och nackdelar med förbrĂ€nning av slam, betraktat ur ett helhetsperspektiv och baseras pĂ„ försök i fullstor- och pilotskala. Livscykelanalys anvĂ€nds för att utvĂ€rdera potentiell miljöpĂ„verkan frĂ„n behandling av slam, om man övergĂ„r frĂ„n kompostering till förbrĂ€nning (inklusive fosforĂ„tervinning frĂ„n askor). Prover av bottenaska, flygaska, rökgas och renat rökgaskondensat frĂ„n alla försöken analyserades. De flesta utvĂ€rderingar av askorna, rökgasemission och kondensatsvatten visade att det finns en bra möjlighet att förbrĂ€nna slammen i befintliga pannor. MassbalansberĂ€kningar över förbrĂ€nningsanlĂ€ggningen visade att de flesta tungmetallerna hamnar i askor vid förbrĂ€nningen. Resultat frĂ„n livscykelanalys visade att ett teknikbyte frĂ„n kompostering till samförbrĂ€nning (som behandlingsmetod för rötat slam) innebĂ€r att man kan minska anvĂ€ndningen av fossila energiresurser, minska klimatpĂ„verkan och minska potentialen för toxisk pĂ„verkan pĂ„ natur och mĂ€nniskor utan att orsaka signifikant högre miljöpĂ„verkan av annat slag. Resultat i studien visar, att den ovan formulerade slutsatsen Ă€r föga beroende av variabeln slambehandlingsmetod. DĂ€remot gĂ€ller slutsatsen under studiens förutsĂ€ttningar och Ă€r kĂ€nslig för de randvillkor som rĂ€knas upp i rapporten.Termisk behandling av slam Ă€r intressant i framtiden eftersom det kan destruera giftiga Ă€mnen av exempelvis lĂ€kemedelsrester, mikroplaster och polymerrester. FörbrĂ€nning av slam ger möjligheter att destruera dessa föroreningar, samtidigt som det skapas möjligheter att Ă„tervinna nĂ€ringsĂ€mnen, sĂ„som fosfor, frĂ„n askan. Projektet undersökte monoförbrĂ€nning av slam samt samförbrĂ€nning av slam med RT-flis. FörbrĂ€nningsförsöken visade att det finns möjligheter att anvĂ€nda befintliga pannor för slamförbrĂ€nning om vissa enheter för rening av luft och vatten uppgraderas

    Haplotypes in the CYP2R1 gene are associated with levels of 25(OH)D and bone mineral density, but not with other markers of bone metabolism (MrOS Sweden)

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    Objective: Polymorphisms in the CYP2R1 gene encoding Vitamin D 25-hydroxylase have been reported to correlate with circulating levels of 25-OH vitamin D3 (25(OH)D). It is unknown whether these variations also affect overall bone metabolism. In order to elucidate the overall associations of polymorphisms in the CYP2R1, we studied haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene and serum levels of 25(OH)D, calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), as well as bone mineral density (BMD). Methods: Baseline data on serum parameters and BMD from MrOS Sweden, a prospective population-based cohort study of elderly men (mean age 75 years, range 69-81), were analyzed. Genotyping was performed for eight SNPs covering the CYP2R1 gene in 2868 men with available samples of DNA. Subjects were followed up concerning incidence of fracture during five years. Results: There was a significant genetic association with circulating levels of 25(OH)D (4.6-18.5% difference in mean values between SNP alleles), but there were no correlations with levels of calcium, phosphate, PTH or FGF23 for any genetic variant. No differences were found in fracture incidence between the variants. There was an inverse relationship between lower BMD and concomitant higher 25(OH)D for three of the haplotypes (p &lt; 0.005). Conclusions: Common variants in the CYP2R1 gene encoding Vitamin D 25-hydroxylase correlate with levels of circulating 25(OH)D but do not otherwise associate with measures of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Presence of the specific haplotypes may be an indicator of risk for low 25(OH)D levels, and may in addition be correlated to bone mineral density

    High plasma erythropoietin predicts incident fractures in elderly men with normal renal function: The MrOS Sweden cohort

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    Preclinical studies on the role of erythropoietin (EPO) in bone metabolism are contradictory. Regeneration models indicate an anabolic effect on bone healing, whereas models on physiologic bone remodeling indicate a catabolic effect on bone mass. No human studies on EPO and fracture risk are available. It is known that fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) affects bone mineralization and that serum concentration of FGF23 is higher in men with decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Recently, a direct association between EPO and FGF23 has been shown. We have explored the potential association between EPO and bone mineral density (BMD), fracture risk, and FGF23 in humans. Plasma levels of EPO were analyzed in 999 men (aged 69 to 81 years), participating in the Gothenburg part of the population‐based Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study, MrOS Sweden. The mean ± SD EPO was 11.5 ± 9.0 IU/L. Results were stratified by eGFR 60 mL/min. For men with eGFR ≄60 mL/min (n = 728), EPO was associated with age (r = 0.13, p < 0.001), total hip BMD (r = 0.14, p < 0.001), intact (i)FGF23 (r = 0.11, p = 0.004), and osteocalcin (r = −0.09, p = 0.022). The association between total hip BMD and EPO was independent of age, body mass index (BMI), iFGF23, and hemoglobin (beta = 0.019, p < 0.001). During the 10‐year follow‐up, 164 men had an X‐ray–verified fracture, including 117 major osteoporotic fractures (MOF), 39 hip fractures, and 64 vertebral fractures. High EPO was associated with higher risk for incident fractures (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.43 per tertile EPO, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35–1.63), MOF (HR = 1.40 per tertile EPO, 95% CI 1.08–1.82), and vertebral fractures (HR = 1.42 per tertile EPO, 95% CI 1.00–2.01) in a fully adjusted Cox regression model. In men with eGFR<60 mL/min, no association was found between EPO and BMD or fracture risk. We here demonstrate that high levels of EPO are associated with increased fracture risk and increased BMD in elderly men with normal renal function. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research

    Smoking predicts incident fractures in elderly men: Mr OS Sweden

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    The aim of this study was to investigate the association between smoking and bone mineral density (BMD) and radiographically verified prevalent vertebral fractures and incident fractures in elderly men. At baseline 3003 men aged 69 to 80 years of age from the Swedish Mr Os Study completed a standard questionnaire concerning smoking habits and had BMD of the hip and spine measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA); 1412 men had an X-ray of the thoracic- and lumbar spine. Radiologic registers were used to confirm reported new fractures after the baseline visit. At baseline, 8.4% were current smokers. Current smokers had a 6.2% lower BMD at the total hip and a 5.4% lower BMD at the lumbar spine (p < .001). Current smoking remained independently inversely associated with BMD at the hip and lumbar spine after adjusting for age, height, weight, calcium intake, physical activity, and centers as covariates. Prevalent vertebral fractures among current smokers were increased in unadjusted analyses [odds ratio (OR) = 1.90, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.26-2.87] and after adjustment for lumbar BMD (OR = 1.67, 95% Cl 1.09-2.55). Smokers had a high risk for two or more prevalent vertebral fractures (OR = 3.18, 95% Cl 1.88-5.36). During the average follow-up of 3.3 years, 209 men sustained an X-ray-verified fracture. Incident fracture risk among smokers was calculated with Cox proportional hazard models. Current smokers had an increased risk of all new fractures [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.76, 95% Cl 1.19-2.61]; nonvertebral osteoporotic fractures, defined as humerus, radius, pelvis, and hip fractures (HR = 2.14, 95% Cl 1.18-3.88); clinical and X-ray-verified vertebral fractures (HR = 2.53, 95% Cl 1.37-4.65); and hip fractures (HR = 3.16, 95% Cl 1.44-6.95). After adjustment for BMD, including other covariates, no significant association between smoking and incident fractures was found. Current tobacco smoking in elderly men is associated with low BMD, prevalent vertebral fractures, and incident fractures, especially vertebral and hip fractures. (C) 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
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