Integrating Mental Skills into a Physical Activity Program for Children and Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities Intégration des capacités intellectuelles à un programme d'activité physique pour les enfants et les adolescents ayant une déficience intellectuelle

Past studies have found physical activity (PA) programs can be effective in promoting mental skills; however, no research has examined a PA program that incorporates mental skills training for children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID). The purpose of this study was to examine the potential benefits experienced by children and adolescents with ID as they engaged in a 6-week PA and mental skill routine-based program. Participants included four children and adolescents aged 8-15 with ID, and their mothers. Mental skills training was integrated into existing PA program activities to enhance young people " s confidence, focus, and anxiety management. Data were collected through parent interviews, parent questionnaires, and the researcher " s field notes, and examined through content analysis. Results highlight themes related to confidence, focus, and anxiety management, as well as participants " enjoyment of gym sessions and ongoing challenges. Findings suggest mental skills training in a PA setting should be further examined as an alternative therapy for young people with ID. Résumé Même si, dans le passé, des études avaient conclu que les programmes d'activité physique (AP) pouvaient enrichir les capacités intellectuelles (CI), aucune ne s'était penchée sur un programme d'AP intégrant la formation axée sur les capacités intellectuelles à l'intention des enfants et des adolescents ayant une déficience intellectuelle. La présente étude visait donc à examiner les bienfaits éventuels d'un programme routinier de six semaines axé sur l'activité physique et les capacités intellectuelles pour des enfants et des adolescents ayant une déficience intellectuelle. Le groupe de participants réunissait quatre enfants et adolescents de 8 à 15 ans ayant une déficience intellectuelle et leurs mères. Intégrée aux programmes d'éducation physique existants, la formation axée sur les CI avait pour objet d'accroître la confiance en soi des jeunes, d'améliorer leur concentration et de les aider à mieux gérer leur anxiété. Les données ont été recueillies à l'aide des entrevues menées avec les parents, des questionnaires Spassiani & Fraser-Thoma

Epidemiology of sports-related injuries in children and youth presenting to Canadian emergency departments from 2007–2010

BACKGROUND: Although injuries related to sports and recreation represent a significant burden to children and youth, few studies have examined the descriptive epidemiology of sports-related injury since 2005, and some sports such as ringette have not been evaluated to date. The primary purpose of this study was to provide the descriptive epidemiology of sports-related injuries treated in emergency departments for children and youth aged 5 – 19. METHODS: A retrospective data analysis was performed using data from the Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program [CHIRPP] from fiscal years (April – March) 2007/08 to 2009/10. CHIRPP is a computerized information system designed by the Public Health Agency of Canada that collects information about injuries to people evaluated in emergency departments across 11 pediatric hospitals and 5 general hospitals in Canada. Thirteen sports or activities were analyzed (baseball, basketball, cycling, football, ice hockey, lacrosse, ringette, rugby, skiing, sledding, snowboarding, soccer, and volleyball). Descriptive statistics, including frequency by sport, age and sex, as well as the percent of concussions within each sport were calculated. RESULTS: Out of a total of 56, 691 reported sports and recreational injuries, soccer accounted for the largest proportion of injuries with 11,941 reported cases over the 3 year time period. Of these, approximately 30% were fractures. The 10 – 14 year age group reported the greatest proportion of injuries in 10 out of the 13 sports analyzed. In addition, males reported a greater number of overall injuries than females in 11 out of the 13 sports analyzed. The largest percentage of concussions was reported in ringette; these injuries accounted for 17.1% of overall injuries within this sport. CONCLUSIONS: Injury prevention programs in Canada should focus on improving evidence-based programs to reduce the burden of injuries in all sports

Integrating Mental Skills into a Physical Activity Program for Children and Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities Intégration des capacités intellectuelles à un programme d'activité physique pour les enfants et les adolescents ayant une déficience intellectuelle

Past studies have found physical activity (PA) programs can be effective in promoting mental skills; however, no research has examined a PA program that incorporates mental skills training for children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID). The purpose of this study was to examine the potential benefits experienced by children and adolescents with ID as they engaged in a 6-week PA and mental skill routine-based program. Participants included four children and adolescents aged 8-15 with ID, and their mothers. Mental skills training was integrated into existing PA program activities to enhance young people " s confidence, focus, and anxiety management. Data were collected through parent interviews, parent questionnaires, and the researcher " s field notes, and examined through content analysis. Results highlight themes related to confidence, focus, and anxiety management, as well as participants " enjoyment of gym sessions and ongoing challenges. Findings suggest mental skills training in a PA setting should be further examined as an alternative therapy for young people with ID. Résumé Même si, dans le passé, des études avaient conclu que les programmes d'activité physique (AP) pouvaient enrichir les capacités intellectuelles (CI), aucune ne s'était penchée sur un programme d'AP intégrant la formation axée sur les capacités intellectuelles à l'intention des enfants et des adolescents ayant une déficience intellectuelle. La présente étude visait donc à examiner les bienfaits éventuels d'un programme routinier de six semaines axé sur l'activité physique et les capacités intellectuelles pour des enfants et des adolescents ayant une déficience intellectuelle. Le groupe de participants réunissait quatre enfants et adolescents de 8 à 15 ans ayant une déficience intellectuelle et leurs mères. Intégrée aux programmes d'éducation physique existants, la formation axée sur les CI avait pour objet d'accroître la confiance en soi des jeunes, d'améliorer leur concentration et de les aider à mieux gérer leur anxiété. Les données ont été recueillies à l'aide des entrevues menées avec les parents, des questionnaires Spassiani & Fraser-Thoma

A grounded theory of positive youth development through sport based on results from a qualitative meta-study

The overall purpose of this study was to create a model of positive youth development (PYD) through sport grounded in the extant qualitative literature. More specifically, the first objective was to review and evaluate qualitative studies of PYD in sport. The second objective was to analyze and synthesize findings from these studies. Following record identification and screening, 63 articles were retained for analysis. Meta-method analysis revealed strengths of studies were the use of multiple data collection and validity techniques, which produced high-quality data. Weaknesses were limited use of ‘named’ methodologies and inadequate reporting of sampling procedures. Philosophical perspectives were rarely reported, and theory was used sparingly. Results of an inductive meta-data analysis produced three categories: PYD climate (adult relationships, peer relationships, and parental involvement), life skills program focus (life skill building activities and transfer activities), and PYD outcomes (in personal, social, and physical domains). A model that distinguishes between implicit and explicit processes to PYD is presented

Orbit size and estimated eye size in dinosaurs and other archosaurs and their implications for the evolution of visual capabilities

Vision is one of the most important senses for animals, allowing them to interact with their environment and with further implications for evolutionary histories. However, relevant soft tissues, such as the eye and associated structures, are not preserved in fossil vertebrates, limiting our knowledge of their visual capabilities. Here, we quantified absolute and relative orbit size for 400 species of dinosaurs and other extinct archosaurs using linear measurements of the preserved skeletal elements as a proxy for visual capabilities. Our results demonstrate that the orbit makes up on average 20% of skull size with a strong and consistent correlation across all sampled groups. This trend is largely independent of temporal distribution, species richness, and phylogeny. In fact, relative orbit size is narrowly constrained and did not surpass 45% of skull size, suggesting physiological and functional controls. Estimated eye size was found to be absolutely larger in herbivores, whereas carnivores tended to have smaller eyes absolutely and compared with skull size. Relatively large eyes only occurred in small-bodied species and vice versa. However, eye size alone was not sufficient to discriminate between different activity patterns or to characterize visual capabilities in detail.</p

Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder is a highly heritable psychiatric disorder. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 20,352 cases and 31,358 controls of European descent, with follow-up analysis of 822 variants with P &lt; 1 × 10-4 in an additional 9,412 cases and 137,760 controls. Eight of the 19 variants that were genome-wide significant (P &lt; 5 × 10-8) in the discovery GWAS were not genome-wide significant in the combined analysis, consistent with small effect sizes and limited power but also with genetic heterogeneity. In the combined analysis, 30 loci were genome-wide significant, including 20 newly identified loci. The significant loci contain genes encoding ion channels, neurotransmitter transporters and synaptic components. Pathway analysis revealed nine significantly enriched gene sets, including regulation of insulin secretion and endocannabinoid signaling. Bipolar I disorder is strongly genetically correlated with schizophrenia, driven by psychosis, whereas bipolar II disorder is more strongly correlated with major depressive disorder. These findings address key clinical questions and provide potential biological mechanisms for bipolar disorder

The Main Belt Comets and ice in the Solar System

We review the evidence for buried ice in the asteroid belt; specifically the questions around the so-called Main Belt Comets (MBCs). We summarise the evidence for water throughout the Solar System, and describe the various methods for detecting it, including remote sensing from ultraviolet to radio wavelengths. We review progress in the first decade of study of MBCs, including observations, modelling of ice survival, and discussion on their origins. We then look at which methods will likely be most effective for further progress, including the key challenge of direct detection of (escaping) water in these bodies

ZRANB3 is an African-specific type 2 diabetes locus associated with beta-cell mass and insulin response

Abstract: Genome analysis of diverse human populations has contributed to the identification of novel genomic loci for diseases of major clinical and public health impact. Here, we report a genome-wide analysis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in sub-Saharan Africans, an understudied ancestral group. We analyze ~18 million autosomal SNPs in 5,231 individuals from Nigeria, Ghana and Kenya. We identify a previously-unreported genome-wide significant locus: ZRANB3 (Zinc Finger RANBP2-Type Containing 3, lead SNP p = 2.831 × 10−9). Knockdown or genomic knockout of the zebrafish ortholog results in reduction in pancreatic β-cell number which we demonstrate to be due to increased apoptosis in islets. siRNA transfection of murine Zranb3 in MIN6 β-cells results in impaired insulin secretion in response to high glucose, implicating Zranb3 in β-cell functional response to high glucose conditions. We also show transferability in our study of 32 established T2D loci. Our findings advance understanding of the genetics of T2D in non-European ancestry populations

Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial

Background Findings from the RESTART trial suggest that starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. Brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases (such as cerebral microbleeds) are associated with greater risks of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage. We did subgroup analyses of the RESTART trial to explore whether these brain imaging features modify the effects of antiplatelet therapy

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London