The catalytic ozonation of diazinon using nano-MgO@CNT@Gr as a new heterogenous catalyst: The optimization of effective factors by response surface methodology

In this research, the degradation of the insecticide diazinon was studied using a new hybrid catalyst consisting of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (nano-MgO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphite (Gr), nano-MgO@CNT@Gr, under various experimental conditions. This study shows the optimization of the nano-MgO@CNT@Gr/O3 process for diazinon degradation in aqueous solutions. Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to assess and optimize the solo effects and interactions of four variables, pH, catalyst loading, reaction time, and initial diazinon concentration, during the nano-MgO@CNT@Gr/O3 process. Analysis of regression revealed an adequate fit of the experimental results with a quadratic model, with R2 > 0.91. Following the collection of analysis of variance (ANOVA) results, pH, catalyst loading, and reaction time were seen to have significant positive effects, whereas the concentration of diazinon had a considerable negative impact on diazinon removal via catalytic ozonation. The four variables for maximum diazinon removal were found to be optimum (82.43) at the following levels: reaction time, 15 min; pH, 10; catalyst dosage, 1.5 g L-1; and diazinon concentration, 10 mg L-1. The degradation of diazinon gave six kinds of by-products. The mechanism of diazinon decomposition was considered on the basis of the identified by-products. According to these results, the nano-MgO@CNT@Gr/O3 process could be an applicable technique for the treatment of diazinon-containing wastewater. © 2020 The Royal Society of Chemistry

Optimization of synthesis a new composite of nano-MgO, CNT and Graphite as a catalyst in heterogeneous catalytic ozonation for the treatment of pesticide-laden wastewater

The production of an efficient, reusable, stable and easily separable catalyst in the ozonation process through a reliable procedure is one of the essential requirements of the catalytic ozonation process (COP). In this study, the nano-MgO/CNT/Graphite composite was synthesized to use as a new catalyst in the COP. Synthesis of the nano-MgO/CNT/Graphite was carried out based on the extreme vertices mixture design (EVMD) using three components; MgO nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and Graphite. Based on EVMD, 9 compositions were produced. For assessing the catalytic activity of synthesized compositions, pesticide manufacturing plant wastewater (PMPW) (initial COD=617 mg/L and TOC = 121) was treated in COP with new synthesized catalytic. The highest COD and TOC removal and destruction efficiencies were attained with composition C-9. The surface area of the optimum nano-MgO/CNT/Graphite was calculated to be had 221.631 m2 g�1 and a high density of basic surface functional groups. Kinetics of PMPW oxidation indicated that the rate of COD and TOC removal efficiencies in the optimum nano-MgO/CNT/Graphite/O3 process were 12.73 (13.24/1.04 mg COD/L.min) and 7.11 (1.44/0.2 mg TOC/L.min) times as high as those in the single ozonation (SOP), respectively. Clearly, the optimum nano-MgO/CNT/Graphite showed a significant ability in catalysis of the ozonation process of organic materials by means of increasing O3 decomposition and radOH production. The synthesized optimum nano-MgO/CNT/Graphite was reusable because of the stability and durability of the catalytic activities. © 2019 Elsevier Lt

Proposed Beam Test of a Transverse Gradient Undulator at the SINBAD Facility at DESY

While Laser Plasma Accelerators produce beams with the high output energy required for FELs, up to now the relatively high energy spread has prohibited FEL lasing. Therefore it was proposed to replace the normal FEL undulators by Transverse Gradient Undulators (TGUs). For a first, small scale test of the TGU concept, a 40 period prototype high gradient superconductive TGU was built at KIT and will be tested with beam at the ARES-linac in the new accelerator test facility SINBAD (Short Innovative Bunches and Accelerators at Desy) at DESY. The proposed tests are summarized in this paper

EuPRAXIA - A compact, cost-efficient particle and radiation source

Plasma accelerators present one of the most suitable candidates for the development of more compact particle acceleration technologies, yet they still lag behind radiofrequency (RF)-based devices when it comes to beam quality, control, stability and power efficiency. The Horizon 2020-funded project EuPRAXIA ("European Plasma Research Accelerator with eXcellence In Applications") aims to overcome the first three of these hurdles by developing a conceptual design for a first international user facility based on plasma acceleration. In this paper we report on the main features, simulation studies and potential applications of this future research infrastructure

Status of the Horizon 2020 EuPRAXIA conceptual design study

The Horizon 2020 project EuPRAXIA (European Plasma Research Accelerator with eXcellence In Applications) is producing a conceptual design report for a highly compact and cost-effective European facility with multi-GeV electron beams accelerated using plasmas. EuPRAXIA will be set up as a distributed Open Innovation platform with two construction sites, one with a focus on beam-driven plasma acceleration (PWFA) and another site with a focus on laser-driven plasma acceleration (LWFA). User areas at both sites will provide access to free-electron laser pilot experiments, positron generation and acceleration, compact radiation sources, and test beams for high-energy physics detector development. Support centres in four different countries will complement the pan-European implementation of this infrastructure

Status of the Horizon 2020 EuPRAXIA conceptual design study

The Horizon 2020 project EuPRAXIA (European Plasma Research Accelerator with eXcellence In Applications) is producing a conceptual design report for a highly compact and cost-effective European facility with multi-GeV electron beams accelerated using plasmas. EuPRAXIA will be set up as a distributed Open Innovation platform with two construction sites, one with a focus on beam-driven plasma acceleration (PWFA) and another site with a focus on laser-driven plasma acceleration (LWFA). User areas at both sites will provide access to free-electron laser pilot experiments, positron generation and acceleration, compact radiation sources, and test beams for high-energy physics detector development. Support centres in four different countries will complement the pan-European implementation of this infrastructure

Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (>= 65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0-100 based on the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC effective coverage performance on the basis of pooled health spending per capita, representing UHC effective coverage index levels achieved in 2019 relative to country-level government health spending, prepaid private expenditures, and development assistance for health. To assess current trajectories towards the GPW13 UHC billion target-1 billion more people benefiting from UHC by 2023-we estimated additional population equivalents with UHC effective coverage from 2018 to 2023. Findings: Globally, performance on the UHC effective coverage index improved from 45.8 (95% uncertainty interval 44.2-47.5) in 1990 to 60.3 (58.7-61.9) in 2019, yet country-level UHC effective coverage in 2019 still spanned from 95 or higher in Japan and Iceland to lower than 25 in Somalia and the Central African Republic. Since 2010, sub-Saharan Africa showed accelerated gains on the UHC effective coverage index (at an average increase of 2.6% [1.9-3.3] per year up to 2019); by contrast, most other GBD super-regions had slowed rates of progress in 2010-2019 relative to 1990-2010. Many countries showed lagging performance on effective coverage indicators for non-communicable diseases relative to those for communicable diseases and maternal and child health, despite non-communicable diseases accounting for a greater proportion of potential health gains in 2019, suggesting that many health systems are not keeping pace with the rising non-communicable disease burden and associated population health needs. In 2019, the UHC effective coverage index was associated with pooled health spending per capita (r=0.79), although countries across the development spectrum had much lower UHC effective coverage than is potentially achievable relative to their health spending. Under maximum efficiency of translating health spending into UHC effective coverage performance, countries would need to reach $1398 pooled health spending per capita (US$ adjusted for purchasing power parity) in order to achieve 80 on the UHC effective coverage index. From 2018 to 2023, an estimated 388.9 million (358.6-421.3) more population equivalents would have UHC effective coverage, falling well short of the GPW13 target of 1 billion more people benefiting from UHC during this time. Current projections point to an estimated 3.1 billion (3.0-3.2) population equivalents still lacking UHC effective coverage in 2023, with nearly a third (968.1 million [903.5-1040.3]) residing in south Asia. Interpretation: The present study demonstrates the utility of measuring effective coverage and its role in supporting improved health outcomes for all people-the ultimate goal of UHC and its achievement. Global ambitions to accelerate progress on UHC service coverage are increasingly unlikely unless concerted action on non-communicable diseases occurs and countries can better translate health spending into improved performance. Focusing on effective coverage and accounting for the world's evolving health needs lays the groundwork for better understanding how close-or how far-all populations are in benefiting from UHC

Erratum to: EuPRAXIA Conceptual Design Report – Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 229, 3675-4284 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2020-000127-8

International audienceThe online version of the original article can be found at http://https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2020-000127-8</A

Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3.5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.Peer reviewe