Postoperative pain management in children: Guidance from the pain committee of the European Society for Paediatric Anaesthesiology (ESPA Pain Management Ladder Initiative)

The main remit of the European Society for Paediatric Anaesthesiology (ESPA) Pain Committee is to improve the quality of pain management in children. The ESPA Pain Management Ladder is a clinical practice advisory based upon expert consensus to help to ensure a basic standard of perioperative pain management for all children. Further steps are suggested to improve pain management once a basic standard has been achieved. The guidance is grouped by the type of surgical procedure and layered to suggest basic, intermediate, and advanced pain management methods. The committee members are aware that there are marked differences in financial and personal resources in different institutions and countries and also considerable variations in the availability of analgesic drugs across Europe. We recommend that the guidance should be used as a framework to guide best practice

Phosphorus–iron interaction in sediments : can an electrode minimize phosphorus release from sediments?

All restoration strategies to mitigate eutrophication depend on the success of phosphorus (P) removal from the water body. Therefore, the inputs from the watershed and from the enriched sediments, that were the sink of most P that has been discharged in the water body, should be controlled. In sediments, iron (hydr)oxides minerals are potent repositories of P and the release of P into the water column may occur upon dissolution of the iron (hydr)oxides mediated by iron reducing bacteria. Several species of these bacteria are also known as electroactive microorganisms and have been recently identified in lake sediments. This capacity of bacteria to transfer electrons to electrodes, producing electricity from the oxidation of organic matter, might play a role on P release in sediments. In the present work it is discussed the relationship between phosphorus and iron cycling as well as the application of an electrode to work as external electron acceptor in sediments, in order to prevent metal bound P dissolution under anoxic conditions.The authors are grateful to two anonymous reviewers of a previous version of the manuscript for the constructive comments and suggestions. The authors also acknowledge the Grant SFRH/BPD/80528/2011 from the Foundation for Science and Technology, Portugal, awarded to Gilberto Martins

The Lower Cambrian paterinate brachiopod Askepasma from South Australia

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Textes vulgaires vieux en prose homiletiques et hagiologiques. (Neilos - Nathanael Bertos et anonyme du cod. 51 du Parlement des Grecs)

LES TEXTES VULGAIRES VIEUX EN PROSE HOMILETIQUES ET HAGIOLOGIQUES SONT DATES DEPUIS LE MILIEU DU 15EME SIECLE. L'ECRIVAIN SEMI-LETTRE NEILOS-NATHANAEL BERTOS COMPOSE DES PETITS TEXTES HOMILETIQUES, DE CONTENU MORAL, A L'USAGE PENDANT LA PERIODE DU CAREME EN UNE LANGUE QUI VISE-POUR LA LAIQUE TANDIS QU'ELLE EST INFLUEE PAR LES SAINTES ECRITURES ET DES TEXTES CHRYSOSTOMIENNES, COMME A PROUVE L'EXAMINATION DES 19 MSS QUI'ILS CONTIENT L'OEUVRE DE BERTOS. LES TEXTES DE L'ECRIVAIN ANONYME DU COD. 51 DU PARLEMENT DES GRECS SONT LA TRADUCTION EN LANGUE VULGAIRE DE TEXTES BYZANTINS PATRISTIQUES ET HAGIOLOGIQUES QUI ETAIENT UTILISES COMMME LECTURES PENDANT TOUTE LA PERIODE DE L'ANNEE ECCLESIASTIQUEΤΑ ΠΡΩΙΜΑ ΔΗΜΩΔΗ ΠΕΖΑ ΟΜΙΛΗΤΙΚΑ ΚΑΙ ΑΓΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΑ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΑ ΧΡΟΝΟΛΟΓΟΥΝΤΑΙ ΠΕΡΙ ΤΑ ΜΕΣΑ ΤΟΥ 15ΟΥ ΑΙΩΝΑ. Ο ΗΜΙΛΟΓΙΟΣ ΣΥΓΓΡΑΦΕΑΣ ΝΕΙΛΟΣ - ΝΑΘΑΝΑΗΛ ΜΠΕΡΤΟΣ ΣΥΝΘΕΤΕΙ ΜΙΚΡΑ ΟΜΙΛΗΤΙΚΑ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΑ ΗΘΙΚΟΛΟΓΙΚΟΥ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΧΡΗΣΗ ΚΑΤΑ ΤΗΝ ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟ ΤΗΣ Μ. ΤΕΣΣΑΡΑΚΟΣΤΗΣ ΣΕ ΜΙΑ ΓΛΩΣΣΑ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΙΝΕΙ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΗ ΔΗΜΩΔΗ, ΕΝΩ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΕΠΗΡΕΑΣΜΕΝΗ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΑΓΙΑ ΓΡΑΦΗ ΚΑΙ ΧΡΥΣΟΣΤΟΜΙΚΑ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΑ, ΟΠΩΣ ΑΠΕΔΕΙΞΕ Η ΕΞΕΤΑΣΗ ΤΩΝ 19 ΧΦΦ, ΠΟΥ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΥΝ ΤΟ ΕΡΓΟ ΤΟΥ ΜΠΕΡΤΟΥ. ΤΑ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΑ ΤΟΥ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΟΥ ΣΥΓΓΡΑΦΕΑ ΤΟΥ ΚΩΔ. 51 ΤΗΣ ΒΟΥΛΗΣ ΤΩΝ ΕΛΛΗΝΩΝ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΜΕΤΑΦΡΑΣΕΙΣ ΣΕ ΓΛΩΣΣΑ ΔΗΜΩΔΗ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΩΝ ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΩΝ ΠΑΤΕΡΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΑΓΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΩΝ ΠΟΥ ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΠΟΙΟΥΝΤΑΝ ΩΣ ΑΝΑΓΝΩΣΜΑΤΑ ΚΑΘ'ΟΛΗ ΤΗΝ ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟ ΤΟΥ ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑΣΤΙΚΟΥ ΕΝΙΑΥΤΟΥ

First record of the brachiopod Lingulella waptaensis with pedicle from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale

The organophosphatic shells of linguloid brachiopods are a common component of normal Cambrian-Ordovician shelly assemblages. Preservation of linguloid soft-part anatomy, however, is extremely rare, and restricted to a few species in Lower Cambrian Konservat Lagerstatten. Such remarkable occurrences provide unique insights into the biology and ecology of early linguloids that are not available from the study of shells alone. Based on its shells, Lingulella waptaensis Walcott, was originally described in 1924 from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale but despite the widespread occurrence of soft-part preservation associated with fossils from the same levels, no preserved soft parts have been reported. Lingulella waptaensis is restudied herein based on 396 specimens collected by Royal Ontario Museum field parties from the Greater Phyllopod Bed (Walcott Quarry Shale Member, British Columbia). The new specimens, including three with exceptional preservation of the pedicle, were collected in situ in discrete obrution beds. Census counts show that L. waptaensis is rare but recurrent in the Greater Phyllopod Bed, suggesting that this species might have been generalist. The wrinkled pedicle protruded posteriorly between the valves, was composed of a central coelomic space, and was slender and flexible enough to be tightly folded, suggesting a thin chitinous cuticle and underlying muscular layers. The nearly circular shell and the long, slender and highly flexible pedicle suggest that L. waptaensis lived epifaunally, probably attached to the substrate. Vertical cross-sections of the shells show that L. waptaensis possessed a virgose secondary layer, which has previously only been known from Devonian to Recent members of the Family Lingulidae

Ontogeny and phylogeny of early cambrian stem

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