Endexspiratorisches Volumen und ventilatorische Inhomogenität eines bikompartimentellen Lungenmodelles berechnet mit Hilfe der Faltungsmethode

Mit einem offenen Stickstoffauswaschvorgang lassen sich die ventilatorische Inhomogenität und das endexspiratorische Volumen einer Lunge berechnen. Diese Methode setzt voraus, daß zu Beginn des Auswaschvorganges ein idealer inspiratorischer Stickstoffkonzentrationssprung durchgeführt wird, da der exspiratorische Stickstoffkonzentrationszeitverlauf sonst verfälscht wird. Üblicherweise wird ein idealer inspiratorischer Konzentrationssprung mit speziellen Versuchsaufbauten erreicht, die im Hinblick auf Aufwand und Patientengefährdung nicht unkritisch sind. In unserer Untersuchung überprüften wir die Möglichkeit der mathematischen Kompensation eines nicht-idealen Stickstoffkonzentrationssprunges mit der Faltungsmethode an einem bikompartimentellen Lungenmodell. Aus den mathematisch korrigierten exspiratorischen Stickstoffkonzentrationsverläufen wurde die ventilatorische Inhommogenität und das endexspiratorische Lungenmodellvolumen (ELV) berechnet und mit der Pneumotachographie als Referenzmethode verglichen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß sich mit Hilfe der gewählten Faltungsmethode eine Auswaschkurve des Lungenmodelles für einen idealen inspiratorischen Stickstoffkonzentrationssprung aus einem nicht-idealen inspiratorischen Stickstoffkonzentrationssprung berechnen läßt. Der Vergleich der Ergebnisse der ventilatorischen Inhomogenität und des ELV aus den mathematisch kompensierten Kurven mit der Referenzmethode zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung

High flow biphasic positive airway pressure by helmet – effects on pressurization, tidal volume, carbon dioxide accumulation and noise exposure

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) with a helmet device is often associated with poor patient-ventilator synchrony and impaired carbon dioxide (CO2) removal, which might lead to failure. A possible solution is to use a high free flow system in combination with a time-cycled pressure valve placed into the expiratory circuit (HF-BiPAP). This system would be independent from triggering while providing a high flow to eliminate CO2. METHODS: Conventional pressure support ventilation (PSV) and time-cycled biphasic pressure controlled ventilation (BiVent) delivered by an Intensive Care Unit ventilator were compared to HF-BiPAP in an in vitro lung model study. Variables included delta pressures of 5 and 15 cmH2O, respiratory rates of 15 and 30 breaths/min, inspiratory efforts (respiratory drive) of 2.5 and 10 cmH2O) and different lung characteristics. Additionally, CO2 removal and noise exposure were measured. RESULTS: Pressurization during inspiration was more effective with pressure controlled modes compared to PSV (P < 0.001) at similar tidal volumes. During the expiratory phase, BiVent and HF-BiPAP led to an increase in pressure burden compared to PSV. This was especially true at higher upper pressures (P < 0.001). At high level of asynchrony both HF-BiPAP and BiVent were less effective. Only HF-BiPAP ventilation effectively removed CO2 (P < 0.001) during all settings. Noise exposure was higher during HF-BiPAP (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that in a lung model, the efficiency of NIV by helmet can be improved by using HF-BiPAP. However, it imposes a higher pressure during the expiratory phase. CO2 was almost completely removed with HF-BiPAP during all settings

Infecção artificial de adultos da bicheira-da-raiz com Beauveria bassiana em armadilha luminosa

The South American rice water weevil, Oryzophagus oryzae (Costa Lima) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the most important insect pest of irrigated rice in Brasil. The Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. application in rice fields did not result in biological control of the pest, despite its susceptibility to the entomopathogenic fungus. So, the aim of this research was to evaluate the artificial infection of O. oryzae adults with B. bassiana in light trap. Two light traps were set in an irrigated rice field and one received an apparatus of fungal contamination. The captured insects, in five dates, were kept in laboratory to check the mortality by B. bassiana infection. Fungal mortality rates of individuals that went through the apparatus varied from 85.8 to 97.9%, expressing exponential mortality curves. This result shows that light traps, equipped with B. bassiana inoculum, are efficient to infect artificially adults of O. oryzae.Resumo: A bicheira-da-raiz, Oryzophagus oryzae (Costa Lima) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), é um dos principais problemas fitossanitários da cultura do arroz irrigado no Brasil. A aplicação de Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. nas lavouras não tem resultado no controle biológico da praga, apesar da suscetibilidade a esse entomopatógeno. Assim, foi objetivo desta pesquisa avaliar a infecção artificial de adultos de O. oryzae com B. bassiana em armadilha luminosa. Duas armadilhas luminosas foram instaladas em lavoura de arroz irrigado em Itajaí, SC, sendo uma delas com um aparato de contaminação fúngica. Os insetos capturados, em cinco datas, foram mantidos em laboratório para avaliar a mortalidade por infecção desse entomopatógeno. As taxas de mortalidade por infecção fúngica dos insetos oriundos da armadilha com B. bassiana variaram de 85,8% a 97,9%, expressando curvas de mortalidade exponenciais. Esse resultado evidencia que armadilhas luminosas equipadas com inoculo de B. bassiana são eficientes para infectar artificialmente adultos de O. oryzae. 

Estimativa de peso médio de bananas verdes comercializadas em caixas de madeira por bananicultores na região do litoral norte catarinense

Excess of weight in banana boxes is a major cause of post-harvest damages. The aim of the present study was to estimate the average weight of unripe banana from the Cavendish Subgroup [Musa spp. (AAA)] in wooden boxes in packing houses, considering a maximum sampling error of 5%. The banana boxes were weighed just prior to delivery, without the previous knowledge of people involved in the packing, in 28 packing houses located in the main banana producing area on the northern coast of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The mean average net weight of the boxes in the packing houses was23.01kg, which is 9.6% above the reference weight (21kg). This implies that there is an excess of weight in the boxes, which may decrease the fruit quality, as well as the data of banana producton and of the farmer’s income. It can be concluded that there is a need for beter regulatory business laws regarding the banana market and commitment of those involved in post--harvestng practces of the productve chains.A carga que resulta em excesso de peso em caixas de bananas é uma das principais causas de danos pós-colheita. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estmar o peso líquido médio de bananas verdes do subgrupo Cavendish [Musa spp. (AAA)] em caixas de madeira, em casas de embalagem de produtores, considerando um erro máximo de amostragem de 5%. As caixas de bananas, prontas para expedição, foram pesadas sem conhecimento prévio dos embaladores, em 28 casas de embalagemno litoral norte catarinense. O valor estimado do peso líquido médio dessas caixas nas casas de embalagem foi de 23,01kg, valor 9,6% acima do peso de referência comercial, que é 21kg. Evidenciou-se o excesso de peso nas caixas, o que compromete a qualidade dos frutos e os dados estatisticos e econômicos de produção. Concluiu-se que há necessidade de aprimoramentos na regulamentação da comercialização de bananas verdes e no grau de corresponsabilidade dos integrantes da cadeia produtiva da banana quanto às prátcas em pós-colheita

Exigência térmica e número de dias entre a floração e a colheita para a bananeira ‘Grande Naine’ em condições subtropicais

The objective of this research was to determine the thermal requirement in degrees-days and the number of days between flowering and haverst for the banana ‘Grande Naine’ in subtropical conditions, in the region of Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Banana plants that had inflorescence in the initial stage were identified in the first fortnight of every month, from December 2011 to February 2013. The sum of degree-days was calculated considering the basal temperature of 14°C. The thermal sum and the time required to complete the development of the bunch in the phenological stage between flowering and harvesting, ranged from 673 to 1001 degrees-days and from 92 to 164 days, respectively. This study indicates the need to develop methods for programming harvest and management technologies to minimize the damage to the fruits of plants with flowering from March to August in the studied region.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a exigência térmica em graus-dia (GD) e o número de dias entre a floração e a colheita (F/C) para a bananeira ‘Grande Naine’ em condições subtropicais, na região de Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Foram identificadas, na primeira quinzena de cada mês, no período de dezembro de 2011 a fevereiro de 2013, plantas de bananeira que possuíam inflorescência no estágio inicial. O somatório de graus-dia foi calculado considerando-se a temperatura basal de 14°C. A soma térmica e o tempo necessários para o completo desenvolvimento do cacho de bananeira ‘Grande Naine’ na fase fenológica F/C apresentam variação sazonal de 673 a 1.001 GDs e de 92 a 164 dias respectivamente. Os resultados do trabalho indicam a necessidade de desenvolvimento de métodos para a programação de colheita e tecnologias de manejo para a minimização dos danos aos frutos das plantas com florescimento no período março-agosto na região estudada

Estimativa da densidade populacional de bananeiras do subgrupo Cavendish em áreas de produção na região do litoral norte catarinense

Abstract: The objective of this research was to estimate the banana population density (Musa sp.) in areas with at least 10 years of production on the north coast of Santa Catarina. The banana fields were grouped proportionally to sun exposure (flat, south face and north face), and sampled by the probabilistic method with binomial distribution and 5% error. The density was obtained by the “random circle” method; the age by interviews; the bunches yield by weight; the number of hands and fruit diameter; and productivity in three classes of densities: until 1,550; from 1,550 to 1,650 and above 1,650 plants ha-1. There was no significant difference between the densities in the areas in different conditions of sun exposure and / or age of the crop. Areas with 1,550 to 1,650 plants ha-1 had the best yield and productivity. It was concluded that: (i) 18% of the areas are with a density of 1,550 to 1,650 plants ha-1 (recommended), 43% above and 39% below; (ii) densities above 1,650 and below 1,550 plants ha-1 decrease the quality and / or productivity, therefore it is recommended to renewal; (iii) the change in density can be related to errors in the desuckering and / or loss of plants for various reasons, cumulative over time.Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a densidade populacional de bananeiras (Musa sp.) em áreas de cultivo com mais de dez anos no Litoral Norte Catarinense e definir parâmetros para sua renovação. Os bananais foram agrupados proporcionalmente à exposição solar (plano, face sul e face norte) e amostrados pelo método probabilístico com distribuição binomial e erro de 5%. A densidade foi obtida pelo método do “círculo aleatório”; a idade, por entrevistas; o rendimento dos cachos, pelo peso, pelo número de pencas e pelo diâmetro dos frutos; e produtividade, em três classes de densidades: até 1.550, entre 1.550 e 1.650 e acima de 1.650 plantas.ha-1. Não houve diferença significativa entre as densidades das áreas nas diferentes condições de exposição solar ou idade do bananal. Áreas com 1.550 a 1.650 plantas.ha-1 tiveram o melhor rendimento e produtividade. Concluiu-se que: (i) 18% das áreas estão com 1.550 a 1.650 plantas.ha-1 (recomendado), 43% acima e 39% abaixo; (ii) densidades, acima de 1.650 ou abaixo de 1.550 plantas.ha-1 diminuem a qualidade e a produtividade, recomendando-se a renovação; (iii) a alteração da densidade pode estar relacionada a erros no desbaste de filhos ou à perda de plantas por motivos diversos, cumulativos no tempo.

Nitric oxide sensing in plants is mediated by proteolytic control of group VII ERF transcription factors

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling compound in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In plants, NO regulates critical developmental transitions and stress responses. Here, we identify a mechanism for NO sensing that coordinates responses throughout development based on targeted degradation of plant-specific transcriptional regulators, the group VII ethylene response factors (ERFs). We show that the N-end rule pathway of targeted proteolysis targets these proteins for destruction in the presence of NO, and we establish them as critical regulators of diverse NO-regulated processes, including seed germination, stomatal closure, and hypocotyl elongation. Furthermore, we define the molecular mechanism for NO control of germination and crosstalk with abscisic acid (ABA) signaling through ERF-regulated expression of ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5). Our work demonstrates how NO sensing is integrated across multiple physiological processes by direct modulation of transcription factor stability and identifies group VII ERFs as central hubs for the perception of gaseous signals in plants

Anaemia requiring red blood cell transfusion is associated with unfavourable 90-day survival in surgical patients with sepsis

Objective: The mortality associated with sepsis remains unacceptably high, despite modern high-quality intensive care. Based on the results from previous studies, anaemia and its management in patients with sepsis appear to impact outcomes; however, the transfusion policy is still being debated, and the ideal approach may be extremely specific to the individual. This study aimed to investigate the long-term impact of anaemia requiring red blood cell (RBC) transfusion on mortality and disease severity in patients with sepsis. We studied a general surgical intensive care unit (ICU) population, excluding cardiac surgery patients. 435 patients were enrolled in this observational study between 2012 and 2016. Results: Patients who received RBC transfusion between 28 days before and 28 days after the development of sepsis (n = 302) exhibited a significantly higher 90-day mortality rate (34.1% vs 19.6%; P = 0.004, Kaplan–Meier analysis). This association remained significant after adjusting for confounders in the multivariate Cox regression analysis (hazard ratio 1.68; 95% confidence interval 1.03–2.73; P = 0.035). Patients who received transfusions also showed significantly higher morbidity scores, such as SOFA scores, and ICU lengths of stay compared to patients without transfusions (n = 133). Our results indicate that anaemia and RBC transfusion are associated with unfavourable outcomes in patients with sepsis

Postoperative pain management in children: Guidance from the pain committee of the European Society for Paediatric Anaesthesiology (ESPA Pain Management Ladder Initiative)

The main remit of the European Society for Paediatric Anaesthesiology (ESPA) Pain Committee is to improve the quality of pain management in children. The ESPA Pain Management Ladder is a clinical practice advisory based upon expert consensus to help to ensure a basic standard of perioperative pain management for all children. Further steps are suggested to improve pain management once a basic standard has been achieved. The guidance is grouped by the type of surgical procedure and layered to suggest basic, intermediate, and advanced pain management methods. The committee members are aware that there are marked differences in financial and personal resources in different institutions and countries and also considerable variations in the availability of analgesic drugs across Europe. We recommend that the guidance should be used as a framework to guide best practice