The parfume trees

The aim of this work is to provide a contribution to the knowledge of some sophisticated vegetal compounds coming from trees, compounds at the disposal of one of the more refined ambitions for every body in our society : the perfumery. Perfumes do not reflect a natural single smell, but are the result of a harmony research by combination of different odours which open out in an original and unique creation. The great difficulty is to proceed from the imagery to the concrete because of the odours range has a large extent and the raw material choice is proved very wide : flowers, leaves, barks, fruits, buds, seeds, woods, resins, … The perfume trees are widely used in perfume industry development. Each perfume emits its own smell so that the perfumers have to create an emotional merge of the different scents. Perfumes contain also synthetic substances, some foreign molecules are necessary required for odours exhalation, but they are provided at very low quantity. However they are (seem) today too invasive. An olfactory scene for classification will be set up, based on head, heart and on well-being background note. Extraction procedures of raw material, which lead to the concretes, the resinoids, the absolutes and the essentials oils, will be described. The classification of perfume families will be done by family reference. The biosynthesis and the chemical structure of the sweet-smelling molecules (terpenoids and C6-C1 and C6-C3 phenolic compounds will be also specified. Several models of forest species raw materials (woods, barks, leaves, twigs, fruits, flowers, gum-resins, broad-beans) will be approached from the point of view of botany classification, extraction method, chemical structure of the fragrant molecules and perfumery applications. Finally, two women’s perfume (« Shalimar » from Guerlain and « Cinéma » from Yves Saint Laurent (YSL) and two others for mens « M7 » d’YSL and « Instant » from Guerlain) will be described to explain the nature of their head, heart and well-being background notes.Ce travail a pour but d'apporter une contribution à la découverte des matières végétales les plus élaborées, celles des arbres, êtres vivants au sommet de la hiérarchie végétale, au service d'une des aspirations les plus raffinées de notre société : la parfumerie. Les parfums ne sont pas la photographie d'une odeur existante, mais le résultat d'une harmonie de différentes senteurs qui s'épanouissent dans une création unique et originale. La grande difficulté est de passer de l'imaginaire au concret car la palette des odeurs est infinie et le choix des matières premières s'avère très vaste : fleurs, feuilles, écorces, fruits, bourgeons, graines, bois, résines de bois. Les arbres sont largement représentés dans les créations de parfums. Chacun va distiller une odeur qui lui est propre et le parfumeur doit alors créer l'osmose dans l'émotion des différentes senteurs. Les parfums contiennent aussi des substances de synthèse, éléments indispensables à leur création et apportés en très faible quantité. Hélas, aujourd'hui, elles se font trop envahissantes. On évoquera la classification du paysage olfactif (notes de tête, de coeur et de fond), les procédés d'extraction des matières premières qui permettent d'obtenir les concrètes, les rétinoïdes, les absolues et les huiles essentielles. On présentera le classement des parfums par familles (florale, ambrée, chyprée, boisée, fougère, hespéridée, cuir). La biosynthèse et la structure chimique des molécules odorantes (terpénoides et dérivés phénoliques en C6-C1 et C6-C3) seront précisées. Plusieurs exemples de matières premières d'essences forestières (bois, écorces, aiguilles, feuilles, rameaux, fruits, fleurs, gommes-résines, fèves de fruits) seront abordées sous les angles botaniques, méthodes d'extraction, structure chimique des composés odorants et applications en parfumerie. Enfin, on présentera 2 exemples de parfum féminin («Shalimar» de Guerlain et « Cinéma» d'Yves Saint Laurent (YSL)) et masculin (« M7 » d'YSL et « l'Instant » de Guerlain) en précisant la nature de leurs notes de tête, de coeur et de fond)

Mission Marmara. Campagne 2008

Mission archéologique en Turquie (Bithynie) appuyée par le Ministère des affaires étrangères français. 2008 : Poursuite des prospections : 1. du versant N de l'Olympe/Uludağ à l'est de Bursa ; 2. des contreforts orientaux de l'Olympe/Uludağ ; 3. des contreforts SO de l'Olympe/Uludağ autour de Keles ; 4. des contreforts NO de l'Olympe/Uludağ ; 5. de la côte au Nord

Mission Marmara. Campagne 2006

Mission archéologique en Turquie (Bithynie) appuyée par le Ministère des affaires étrangères français. 2006 : Poursuite des prospections : 1. du versant nord des contreforts occidentaux de l'Olympe de Bithynie/Uludağ ; 2. de la vallée du Nilüfer et de la route de la mer au piémont de l'Olympe/Uludağ ; 3. de la rive gauche du Rhyndakos (Koca dere) ; 4. de la côte au nord

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Towards a Muon Collider

A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work.Comment: 118 pages, 103 figure

Towards a muon collider

A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Towards a muon collider

A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work

Erratum: Towards a muon collider

The original online version of this article was revised: The additional reference [139] has been added. Tao Han’s ORICD ID has been incorrectly assigned to Chengcheng Han and Chengcheng Han’s ORCID ID to Tao Han. Yang Ma’s ORCID ID has been incorrectly assigned to Lianliang Ma, and Lianliang Ma’s ORCID ID to Yang Ma. The original article has been corrected