La dignidad como fundamento de la biopolítica

La dignidad humana representa desde la perspectiva social, jurídica y política, el imperativo categórico de nuestro tiempo, tal y como versa en el artículo nº 1 de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos (ONU, 1948): «Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos». La persona tiene que ser contemplada desde el punto de vista holístico y reconocer que es un ser dotado de principios y derechos que lo deben proteger de cualquier arbitrariedad por el abuso del poder o situación de indignidad e iniquidad. Derechos y deberes que a lo largo de la historia se han conformado y positivado progresivamente, más sin embargo, no logra permear a los diversos estratos sociales y constituirse en forma integral, a pesar de ser norma común en las diversas constituciones del planeta. Epistemológicamente, la dignidad constituye un auténtico hilo conductor primario entre los ámbitos éticos, jurídicos y políticos. La dignidad humana se erige como el principio de los principios, el eje modulador de los criterios de justicia y legalidad. De la dignidad se genera la necesaria y responsable libertad que permite al hombre y a la mujer, ser seres en busca de su autenticidad, de su comprensión de ser seres-para-la-vida, capaces de autorrealizarse con esperanza y con miras a la convivencia armónica y justa. Una dignidad que no puede disociarse del principio de individualidad, y por ende, de su integridad, privacidad e intimidad. Fundamentos que a su vez no pueden ser separados de su relación existencial con-los-otros y con-el-ambiente, en una relación homeostática social y de supervivencia de la humanidad

A possible mechanism for cold denaturation of proteins at high pressure

We study cold denaturation of proteins at high pressures. Using multicanonical Monte Carlo simulations of a model protein in a water bath, we investigate the effect of water density fluctuations on protein stability. We find that above the pressure where water freezes to the dense ice phase ($\approx2$ kbar), the mechanism for cold denaturation with decreasing temperature is the loss of local low-density water structure. We find our results in agreement with data of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A.Comment: 4 pages for double column and single space. 3 figures Added references Changed conten

Ovine pedomics : the first study of the ovine foot 16S rRNA-based microbiome

We report the first study of the bacterial microbiome of ovine interdigital skin based on 16S rRNA by pyrosequencing and conventional cloning with Sanger-sequencing. Three flocks were selected, one a flock with no signs of footrot or interdigital dermatitis, a second flock with interdigital dermatitis alone and a third flock with both interdigital dermatitis and footrot. The sheep were classified as having either healthy interdigital skin (H), interdigital dermatitis (ID) or virulent footrot (VFR). The ovine interdigital skin bacterial community varied significantly by flock and clinical condition. The diversity and richness of operational taxonomic units was greater in tissue from sheep with ID than H or VFR affected sheep. Actinobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla comprising 25 genera. Peptostreptococcus, Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus were associated with H, ID and VFR respectively. Sequences of Dichelobacter nodosus, the causal agent of ovine footrot, were not amplified due to mismatches in the 16S rRNA universal forward primer (27F). A specific real time PCR assay was used to demonstrate the presence of D. nodosus which was detected in all samples including the flock with no signs of ID or VFR. Sheep with ID had significantly higher numbers of D. nodosus (104-109 cells/g tissue) than those with H or VFR feet

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

La dignidad como fundamento de la biopolítica

La dignidad humana representa desde la perspectiva social, jurídica y política, el imperativo categórico de nuestro tiempo, tal y como versa en el artículo nº 1 de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos (ONU, 1948): «Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos». La persona tiene que ser contemplada desde el punto de vista holístico y reconocer que es un ser dotado de principios y derechos que lo deben proteger de cualquier arbitrariedad por el abuso del poder o situación de indignidad e iniquidad. Derechos y deberes que a lo largo de la historia se han conformado y positivado progresivamente, más sin embargo, no logra permear a los diversos estratos sociales y constituirse en forma integral, a pesar de ser norma común en las diversas constituciones del planeta. Epistemológicamente, la dignidad constituye un auténtico hilo conductor primario entre los ámbitos éticos, jurídicos y políticos. La dignidad humana se erige como el principio de los principios, el eje modulador de los criterios de justicia y legalidad. De la dignidad se genera la necesaria y responsable libertad que permite al hombre y a la mujer, ser seres en busca de su autenticidad, de su comprensión de ser seres-para-la-vida, capaces de autorrealizarse con esperanza y con miras a la convivencia armónica y justa. Una dignidad que no puede disociarse del principio de individualidad, y por ende, de su integridad, privacidad e intimidad. Fundamentos que a su vez no pueden ser separados de su relación existencial con-los-otros y con-el-ambiente, en una relación homeostática social y de supervivencia de la humanidad

La dignidad como fundamento de la biopolítica

La dignidad humana representa desde la perspectiva social, jurídica y política, el imperativo categórico de nuestro tiempo, tal y como versa en el artículo nº 1 de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos (ONU, 1948): «Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos». La persona tiene que ser contemplada desde el punto de vista holístico y reconocer que es un ser dotado de principios y derechos que lo deben proteger de cualquier arbitrariedad por el abuso del poder o situación de indignidad e iniquidad. Derechos y deberes que a lo largo de la historia se han conformado y positivado progresivamente, más sin embargo, no logra permear a los diversos estratos sociales y constituirse en forma integral, a pesar de ser norma común en las diversas constituciones del planeta. Epistemológicamente, la dignidad constituye un auténtico hilo conductor primario entre los ámbitos éticos, jurídicos y políticos. La dignidad humana se erige como el principio de los principios, el eje modulador de los criterios de justicia y legalidad. De la dignidad se genera la necesaria y responsable libertad que permite al hombre y a la mujer, ser seres en busca de su autenticidad, de su comprensión de ser seres-para-la-vida, capaces de autorrealizarse con esperanza y con miras a la convivencia armónica y justa. Una dignidad que no puede disociarse del principio de individualidad, y por ende, de su integridad, privacidad e intimidad. Fundamentos que a su vez no pueden ser separados de su relación existencial con-los-otros y con-el-ambiente, en una relación homeostática social y de supervivencia de la humanidad

Host specificity in anoplura and coevolution of anoplura and mammalia

Volume: 123Start Page: 145End Page: 15

LOS DOS LADOS DE LA CORDILLERA CENTRAL DE COSTA RICA

Análisis comparado de los procesos geomorfológicos, hidrográficos y vegetacionales afectados por la ocupación histórica de las vertientes de la Cordillera Volcánica Central. Se estudian las tendencias catastróficas de no producirse una intervención más enérgica para proteger esos recursos naturale