Hearing Characteristics and Doppler Shift Compensation in South Indian CF-FM Bats

1. Echolocation pulses, Doppler shift compensation behaviour under laboratory conditions and frequency response characteristics of hearing were recorded inRhinolophus rouxi, Hipposideros speoris andHipposideros bicolor. 2. The frequencies of the constant frequency portions of the CF-FM pulses lie at about 82.8 kHz forR. rouxi from Mahabaleshwar, at 85.2 kHz forR. rouxi from Mysore. Hipposiderid bats have considerably higher frequencies at 135 kHz inH. speoris and 154.5 kHz inH. bicolor. The mean sound durations were 50 ms, 6.4 ms and 4.7 ms, respectively. 3. R. rouxi compensates for Doppler shifts in a range up to typically 4 kHz of positive Doppler shifts (Fig. 2). The Doppler shift compensation behaviour is almost identical to that ofR. ferrumequinum. 4. H. speoris andH. bicolor do not compensate for Doppler shifts under laboratory conditions. Doppler shifts in the echoes induce emission frequency changes which are not correlated to the presented Doppler shifts (Fig. 3). 5. The frequency response characteristics of hearing ofR. rouxi show characteristic sensitivity changes near the bat's reference frequency as also found inR. ferrumequinum. The threshold differences between the low threshold at the reference frequency and a few hundred Hz below are 40 to 50 dB in awake bats (Fig. 5). 6. Frequency sensitivity changes near the emitted CF-frequency of the bats are less pronounced inH. speoris or almost absent inH. bicolor

Debris disk size distributions: steady state collisional evolution with P-R drag and other loss processes

We present a new scheme for determining the shape of the size distribution, and its evolution, for collisional cascades of planetesimals undergoing destructive collisions and loss processes like Poynting-Robertson drag. The scheme treats the steady state portion of the cascade by equating mass loss and gain in each size bin; the smallest particles are expected to reach steady state on their collision timescale, while larger particles retain their primordial distribution. For collision-dominated disks, steady state means that mass loss rates in logarithmic size bins are independent of size. This prescription reproduces the expected two phase size distribution, with ripples above the blow-out size, and above the transition to gravity-dominated planetesimal strength. The scheme also reproduces the expected evolution of disk mass, and of dust mass, but is computationally much faster than evolving distributions forward in time. For low-mass disks, P-R drag causes a turnover at small sizes to a size distribution that is set by the redistribution function (the mass distribution of fragments produced in collisions). Thus information about the redistribution function may be recovered by measuring the size distribution of particles undergoing loss by P-R drag, such as that traced by particles accreted onto Earth. Although cross-sectional area drops with 1/age^2 in the PR-dominated regime, dust mass falls as 1/age^2.8, underlining the importance of understanding which particle sizes contribute to an observation when considering how disk detectability evolves. Other loss processes are readily incorporated; we also discuss generalised power law loss rates, dynamical depletion, realistic radiation forces and stellar wind drag.Comment: Accepted for publication by Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy (special issue on EXOPLANETS

Search for Colour Reconnection Effects in e+e- -> W+W- -> hadrons through Particle-Flow Studies at LEP

A search for colour reconnection effects in hadronic decays of W pairs is performed with the L3 detector at centre-of-mass energies between 189 and 209 GeV. The analysis is based on the study of the particle flow between jets associated to the same W boson and between two different W bosons in qqqq events. The ratio of particle yields in the different interjet regions is found to be sensitive to colour reconnection effects implemented in some hadronisation models. The data are compared to different models with and without such effects. An extreme scenario of colour reconnection is ruled out

Measurement of Bose-Einstein Correlations in e+e- -> W+W- at root(s)=189GeV

We investigate Bose-Einstein correlations (BEC) in W-pair production at root(s)=189GeV using the L3 detector at LEP. We observe BEC between particles from a single W decay in good agreement with those from a light-quark Z decay sample. We investigate their possible existence between particles coming from different W's. No evidence for such inter-W BEC is found

Detector Description and Performance for the First Coincidence Observations between LIGO and GEO

For 17 days in August and September 2002, the LIGO and GEO interferometer gravitational wave detectors were operated in coincidence to produce their first data for scientific analysis. Although the detectors were still far from their design sensitivity levels, the data can be used to place better upper limits on the flux of gravitational waves incident on the earth than previous direct measurements. This paper describes the instruments and the data in some detail, as a companion to analysis papers based on the first data.Comment: 41 pages, 9 figures 17 Sept 03: author list amended, minor editorial change

Weight and Body Mass Index Change after Switching to Integrase Inhibitors or Tenofovir Alafenamide among Women Living with HIV

Weight and body mass index (BMI) change was assessed among women after switch to integrase inhibitors (INSTIs) and/or tenofovir alafenamide (TAF). From 2006 to 2019, 1,458 women living with HIV enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study and on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with ≥1 study visit before and after switching to INSTIs and/or TAF were included. Weight and BMI were compared pre- and postswitch to INSTI (by class and type) and/or TAF using multivariable linear mixed effects models; all models were also stratified by preswitch presence or absence of obesity (BMI ≥30 vs. <30 kg/m2). Mean age preswitch was 47 ± 6 years, 64% were black, mean CD4 = 475 ± 201 cells/mm3, 56% had HIV RNA <200 copies/mL, 36% switched to TAF but not INSTI, 60% to INSTI but not TAF, and 3.5% to TAF+INSTI. Time from pre- to postswitch was 12.8 ± 11.8 months. The INSTI-only group but not TAF groups had small but significant increases in weight and BMI: mean 79.2-80.6 kg and 30.2-30.7 kg/m2, p's < .001, respectively, with congruent findings by INSTI type (p's ≤ .01). In stratified (preswitch BMI) analyses, only nonobese subgroups experienced increases in weight and BMI across all ART treatment groups (p's < .05). Significant, although small-to-medium, increases in weight and BMI occurred among nonobese women who switched to INSTIs and/or TAF over short follow-up. Given long-term health consequences of obesity particularly as a low-grade inflammatory condition, identifying women at highest risk of ART-associated weight gain is imperative

A First Search for coincident Gravitational Waves and High Energy Neutrinos using LIGO, Virgo and ANTARES data from 2007

We present the results of the first search for gravitational wave bursts associated with high energy neutrinos. Together, these messengers could reveal new, hidden sources that are not observed by conventional photon astronomy, particularly at high energy. Our search uses neutrinos detected by the underwater neutrino telescope ANTARES in its 5 line configuration during the period January - September 2007, which coincided with the fifth and first science runs of LIGO and Virgo, respectively. The LIGO-Virgo data were analysed for candidate gravitational-wave signals coincident in time and direction with the neutrino events. No significant coincident events were observed. We place limits on the density of joint high energy neutrino - gravitational wave emission events in the local universe, and compare them with densities of merger and core-collapse events.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures, science summary page at http://www.ligo.org/science/Publication-S5LV_ANTARES/index.php. Public access area to figures, tables at https://dcc.ligo.org/cgi-bin/DocDB/ShowDocument?docid=p120000

Integrase Inhibitors are Associated with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Women with HIV

Objective: Women with HIV(WWH) are more likely to discontinue/change antiretroviral therapy(ART) due to side effects including neuropsychiatric symptoms. Efavirenz and integrase strand transfer inhibitors(INSTIs) are particularly concerning. We focused on these ART agents and neuropsychiatric symptoms in previously developed subgroups of WWH that differed on key sociodemographic factors as well as longitudinal behavioral and clinical profiles. WWH from the Women’s Interagency HIV Study were included if they had ART data available, completed the Perceived Stress Scale-10 and PTSD Checklist-Civilian. Questionnaires were completed biannually beginning in 2008 through 2016. To examine ART-symptom associations, constrained continuation ratio model via penalized maximum likelihood were fit within 5 subgroups of WWH. Data from 1882 WWH contributed a total of 4598 observations. 353 women were previously defined as primarily having well-controlled HIV with vascular comorbidities, 463 with legacy effects(CD4 nadir < 250cells/mL), 274 aged ≤ 45 with hepatitis, 453 between 35–55 years, and 339 with poorly-controlled HIV/substance users. INSTIs, but not efavirenz, were associated with symptoms among key subgroups of WWH. Among those with HIV legacy effects, dolutegravir and elvitegravir were associated with greater stress/anxiety and avoidance symptoms(P’s < 0.01); dolutegravir was also associated with greater re-experiencing symptoms(P = 0.005). Elvitegravir related to greater re-experiencing and hyperarousal among women with well-controlled HIV with vascular comorbidities(P’s < 0.022). Raltegravir was associated with less hyperarousal, but only among women aged ≤ 45 years(P = 0.001). The adverse neuropsychiatric effects of INSTIs do not appear to be consistent across all WWH. Key characteristics (e.g., age, hepatitis positivity) may need consideration to fully weight the risk–benefit ratio of dolutegravir and elvitegravir in WWH

A Thermodynamically-Based Mesh Objective Work Potential Theory for Predicting Intralaminar Progressive Damage and Failure in Fiber-Reinforced Laminates

A thermodynamically-based work potential theory for modeling progressive damage and failure in fiber-reinforced laminates is presented. The current, multiple-internal state variable (ISV) formulation, enhanced Schapery theory (EST), utilizes separate ISVs for modeling the effects of damage and failure. Damage is considered to be the effect of any structural changes in a material that manifest as pre-peak non-linearity in the stress versus strain response. Conversely, failure is taken to be the effect of the evolution of any mechanisms that results in post-peak strain softening. It is assumed that matrix microdamage is the dominant damage mechanism in continuous fiber-reinforced polymer matrix laminates, and its evolution is controlled with a single ISV. Three additional ISVs are introduced to account for failure due to mode I transverse cracking, mode II transverse cracking, and mode I axial failure. Typically, failure evolution (i.e., post-peak strain softening) results in pathologically mesh dependent solutions within a finite element method (FEM) setting. Therefore, consistent character element lengths are introduced into the formulation of the evolution of the three failure ISVs. Using the stationarity of the total work potential with respect to each ISV, a set of thermodynamically consistent evolution equations for the ISVs is derived. The theory is implemented into commercial FEM software. Objectivity of total energy dissipated during the failure process, with regards to refinements in the FEM mesh, is demonstrated. The model is also verified against experimental results from two laminated, T800/3900-2 panels containing a central notch and different fiber-orientation stacking sequences. Global load versus displacement, global load versus local strain gage data, and macroscopic failure paths obtained from the models are compared to the experiments