21 research outputs found
On Excess Compensation Earned by Underwriters in Firm Commitment Initial Public Offerings of Common Stock: An Empirical Analysis
This paper examines compensation for the underwriting activity in firm commitment initial public offerings (IPOs) of common stock in the U.S. When compensation for origination, management and marketing efforts are excluded from total underwriter compensation, we find that the portion of the total compensation assigned for the underwriting activity itself exceeds theoretical compensation only for issues that sell out very quickly. We interpret this finding as empirical evidence supporting the incentive for underwriters to underprice IPOs. Finally, we find excess compensation to underwriters is positively related to the riskiness of the IPO and negatively related to the degree of competition among investment bankers and the size of the IPO
Some empirical evidence on stock returns and security credit regulation in the OTC equity market
<sup>19</sup>F NMR-Guided Design of Glycomimetic Langerin Ligands
C-type lectin receptors
(CLRs) play a pivotal role in pathogen
defense and immune homeostasis. Langerin, a CLR predominantly expressed
on Langerhans cells, represents a potential target receptor for the
development of anti-infectives or immunomodulatory therapies. As mammalian
carbohydrate binding sites typically display high solvent exposure
and hydrophilicity, the recognition of natural monosaccharide ligands
is characterized by low affinities. Consequently, glycomimetic ligand
design poses challenges that extend to the development of suitable
assays. Here, we report the first application of <sup>19</sup>F R<sub>2</sub>-filtered NMR to address these challenges for a CLR, i.e.,
Langerin. The homogeneous, monovalent assay was essential to evaluating
the <i>in silico</i> design of 2-deoxy-2-carboxamido-α-mannoside
analogs and enabled the implementation of a fragment screening against
the carbohydrate binding site. With the identification of both potent
monosaccharide analogs and fragment hits, this study represents an
important advancement toward the design of glycomimetic Langerin ligands
and highlights the importance of assay development for other CLRs