Estructura Productiva : Análisis de la producción, comercialización y consumo de arroz en Nicaragua 2009-2013

El arroz se cultiva en todo el territorio nacional en alturas entre 0 a 800 m.s.n.m, presenta un crecimiento óptimo a temperaturas de 25-30 °C, siendo la máxima hasta 40 °C y con temperaturas de 17 a 18 ºC disminuye su crecimiento. En Nicaragua es uno de los cultivos más importantes dentro del Sector Agropecuario y al mismo tiempo uno de los principales alimentos en la dieta de los nicaragüenses con un consumo per cápita de 126 lb/año y con tendencia a incrementarse. El sector arrocero produce más de 5.5 millones de quintales al año, lo cual equivale a un 90% de consumo nacional en los restantes países de Centroamérica el 85% del arroz es importado. De las 62,50 Mz. de granos básicos con riego que se siembran en el país, el arroz de riego representa el 95% del total. Asimismo, existen 24,442 productores de arroz y de estos, el 92% son productores de secano con rendimientos de 75qq/Mz y 32 qq/Mz respectivamente. Por lo tanto, mejorar esta brecha de rendimientos es un desafío que se espera superar en los próximos años y aun así, el uso del riego en la producción sigue siendo fundamental en la mejora de los rendimientos, puesto que en el caso del arroz de secano, los promedio apenas superan los 30 qq/Mz; asunto que también sigue siendo un desafío por superar para el sector. Sumado a esto, ANAR (2011) señala que para el año 2012 la inversión relacionada al rubro a nivel nacional fue de aproximadamente $120 Millones con un área sembrada de 100,000 Mz (67% en manos de productores de 0 a 50 Mz); una producción comercial total de 4.3 millones de quintales oro (63% arroz riego, 37% arroz de secano); con un canal de distribución resumido en 650 mayoristas y 36,000 pulperías a nivel nacional y la existencia de 47 trillos con capacidad de procesamiento estimada en el 200% de la producción total en el país

Análisis de rentabilidad del proyecto Tienda de Ropa femenina Scarfri, ubicada en Multicentro Las Américas, departamento de Managua, periodo 2021-2025

El propósito de la presente investigación se centra en realizar el análisis de la rentabilidad del proyecto tienda de ropa femenina ScarFri, ubicada en Multicentro Las Américas, departamento de Managua, periodo 2021-2025. Mediante la implementación de los diferentes estudios que componen un proyecto en este caso, estudio de mercado, técnico, financiero y legal, haciendo uso de las herramientas financieras para la toma de decisiones y la optimización de los recursos, de forma que se valore objetivamente la implementación o no del proyecto. La metodología aplicada para la elaboración de esta investigación fue de enfoque mixto, cualitativo dado que en este análisis se estudió la viabilidad desde el punto de vista mercadológico, técnico, legal, y cuantitativo, mediante encuestas aplicadas al segmento de mercado a atender, la guía de observación y la guía de revisión documental, que proporcionó información enriquecedora que ayudó a determinar si el proyecto objeto de estudio tiene viabilidad y valor agregado a la investigación. Se determino mediante el estudio de mercado el segmento al cual estará dirigida la tienda de ropa así mismo su principal necesidad a atender, los requerimientos para la puesta en marcha se conocieron con la realización del estudio técnico, el estudio financiero permitió evaluar si era rentable ejecutar el proyecto en el periodo en mención, resultando favorablemente la implementación, del mismo modo se expuso la constitución de la empresa mediante la elaboración del estudio legal. Se concluye que el proyecto tienda de ropa femenina ScarFri, ubicada en Multicentro Las Américas, es factible desde el punto de vista financiero para implementarse en el periodo 20212025 presentando una VAN de $19,097.77 y una TIR 8%, que confirman lo anterior. Palabras claves: Proyectos de inversión privados, Sector comercio, Tienda de rop

Roca WC flapper

Treball desenvolupat dins el marc del programa 'European Project Semester' i l"International Design Project Semester".Toilet flushing is the single highest use of water in the average home. Toilets make up about 31% of overall household water consumption. Most WC bowls used in western countries are fitted with a water trap that uses a large amount of water for preventing odor from the sewers from traveling back into the room. The current market standards differ between 6/3 liters and 4,5/3 liters using this system, and latest developments have proven that the water flush cannot be reduced further. Because of this, finding a way to replace the current water trap with another mechanical solution is the main objective for this project. The basis of this project is to develop a mechanical flapper that would work automatically with the help of springs that would allow for a significant flush water reduction

Amniotic fluid neutrophils can phagocytize bacteria: A mechanism for microbial killing in the amniotic cavity

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138926/1/aji12723_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138926/2/aji12723.pd

Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Maternal and Fetal Compartments

Pregnancy success is orchestrated by the complex balance between the maternal and fetal immune systems. Herein, we summarize the potential role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in the maternal and fetal compartments. We reviewed published literature describing different ILC subsets [ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells] in the uterus, decidua, fetal tissues [liver, secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), intestine, and lung] and amniotic cavity. ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s are present in the murine uterus prior to and during pregnancy but have only been detected in the non-pregnant endometrium in humans. Specifically, ILC2s reside in the murine uterus from mid-pregnancy to term, ILC1s increase throughout gestation, and ILC3s remain constant. Yet, LTi cells have only been detected in the non-pregnant murine uterus. In the human decidua, ILC1s, ILC3s, and LTi-like cells are more abundant during early gestation, whereas ILC2s increase at the end of pregnancy. Decidual ILC1s were also detected during mid-gestation in mice. Interestingly, functional decidual ILC2s and ILC3s increased in women who underwent spontaneous preterm labor, indicating the involvement of such cells in this pregnancy complication. Fetal ILCs exist in the liver, SLO, intestine, lung, and amniotic cavity. The fetal liver is thought to be the source of ILC progenitors since the differentiation of these cells from hematopoietic stem cells occurs at this site, and mature ILC subsets can be found in this compartment as well. The interaction between LTi cells and specialized stromal cells is important during the formation of SLO. Mature ILCs are found at the mucosal surfaces of the lung and intestine, from where they can extravasate into the amniotic cavity. Amniotic fluid ILCs express high levels of RORγt, CD161, and CD103, hallmarks of ILC3s. Such cells are more abundant in the second trimester than later in gestation. Although amniotic fluid ILC3s produce IL-17A and TNFα, indicating their functionality, their numbers in patients with intra-amniotic infection/inflammation remain unchanged compared to those without this pregnancy complication. Collectively, these findings suggest that maternal (uterine and decidual) ILCs play central roles in both the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy, and fetal ILCs participate in the development of immunity

Inflammasome assembly in the chorioamniotic membranes during spontaneous labor at term

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137494/1/aji12648.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137494/2/aji12648_am.pd

Are B cells altered in the decidua of women with preterm or term labor?

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149277/1/aji13102_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149277/2/aji13102.pd

Inflammation-Induced Adverse Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes Can Be Improved by the Immunomodulatory Peptide Exendin-4

Preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Inflammation is causally linked to preterm birth; therefore, finding an intervention that dampens maternal and fetal inflammatory responses may provide a new strategy to prevent adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Using animal models of systemic maternal inflammation [intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] and fetal inflammation (intra-amniotic administration of LPS), we found that (1) systemic inflammation induced adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes by causing a severe maternal cytokine storm and a mild fetal cytokine response; (2) fetal inflammation induced adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes by causing a mild maternal cytokine response and a severe fetal cytokine storm; (3) exendin-4 (Ex4) treatment of dams with systemic inflammation or fetal inflammation improved adverse pregnancy outcomes by modestly reducing the rate of preterm birth; (4) Ex4 treatment of dams with systemic, but not local, inflammation considerably improved neonatal outcomes, and such neonates continued to thrive; (5) systemic inflammation facilitated the diffusion of Ex4 through the uterus and the maternal–fetal interface; (6) neonates born to Ex4-treated dams with systemic inflammation displayed a similar cytokine profile to healthy control neonates; and (7) treatment with Ex4 had immunomodulatory effects by inducing an M2 macrophage polarization and increasing anti-inflammatory neutrophils, as well as suppressing the expansion of CD8+ regulatory T cells, in neonates born to dams with systemic inflammation. Collectively, these results provide evidence that dampening maternal systemic inflammation through novel interventions, such as Ex4, can improve the quality of life for neonates born to women with this clinical condition

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication