Use of AFLP markers to estimate molecular diversity of Phakopsora pachyrhizi

Background: Asian soybean rust (SBR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & Syd., is one of the main diseases affecting soybean and has been reported as one of the most economically important fungal pathogens worldwide. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of this fungus should be considered when developing resistance breeding strategies. We aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of P. pachyrhizi combining simple sampling with a powerful and reproducible molecular technique. Results: We employed Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) technique for the amplification of P. pachyrhizi DNA extracted from naturally SBR-infected plants from 23 production fields. From a total of 1919 markers obtained, 77% were polymorphic. The high percentage of polymorphism and the Nei's genetic diversity coefficient (0.22) indicated high pathogen diversity. Analysis of molecular variance showed higher genetic variation within countries than among them. Temporal analysis showed a higher genetic variation within a year than between years. Cluster, phylogenetic and principal co-ordinate analysis showed that samples group by year of collection and then by country sampled. Conclusions: The study proposed combining a simple collection of urediniospore with a subsequent analysis by AFLP was useful to examine the molecular polymorphism of samples of P. pachyrhizi collected and might have a significant contribution to the knowledge of its genetic diversity. Also, AFLP analysis is an important and potent molecular tool for the study of genetic diversity and could be useful to carry out wider genetic diversity studies

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Las conductas disruptivas en la escuela rural

Se pretende analizar las conductas disruptivas en los cursos de Infantil y Primaria en el contexto de una escuela rural. La muestra est\ue1 compuesta por 33 alumnos. Se han llevado a cabo entrevistas semi-estructuradas y observaci\uf3n. Tras el an\ue1lisis se ha confirmado que las conductas de los alumnos cambian en funci\uf3n del espacio, el curso y el g\ue9nero. Se destaca que las ni\uf1as de educaci\uf3n infantil tienen m\ue1s conductas disruptivas que los ni\uf1os y, en cambio, en primaria los resultados muestran lo contrario. En cuanto a la conducta que se produce m\ue1s a menudo en el patio es la agresi\uf3n verbal y en el aula la carencia de respecto a los compa\uf1eros. Destacar que en todos los cursos hay conductas disruptivas, pero es en educaci\uf3n infantil donde se concentran m\ue1s. Finalmente, destacar la figura del docente para regular estas conductas

Variabilidad Fenot\uedpica y Gen\ue9tica en Poblaciones de Pasto Miel(Paspalum DilatatumPoir.)

Dallis grass ( Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) is a warm season perennial grass of high forage value. The objective of this work was to get estimations of phenotypic variability among and within populations of dilatatum biotype of this species. Three places of the Northern Salado Basin (La Plata, Magdalena y Pereyra Iraola), province of Buenos Aires; Argentina, were sampled taking out whole plants. The material, kept in plastic pots, was used to measure six traits: number of nodes per tiller (NNM), flag leaf length (LLHB), flag leaf width (ALHB), rachis length of base spikelets (LREB), number of spikelets per panicle (NEP), and number of seed per base spikelets (NSEB). From 18 comparisons between population means (t test), 7 showed significant differences at the p = 0.01 level and 6 at the p = 0.05 level. The phenotypic variance within populations contained, in average, 26% of genetic variance. The degree of genetic determination (GDG) fluctuates in a rank from 0 to 52%. It is deduced, from these results, that the within populations variability did not exceed the among populations one. In spite of GDG values were not high, the total amount of available genetic variability is expected to be useful for breeding purposes, because of the apomictic mode of reproduction. The results of the principal component analysis were in agreement with those of the t test. The NNM, LLHB, LREB, and NSEB traits showed the larger discriminative power.El pasto miel ( Paspalum dilatatum Poir.), es una gram\uednea perenne de ciclo estival y alto valor forrajero. El objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener estimaciones de la variabilidad fenot\uedpica y gen\ue9tica entre y dentro de poblaciones del biotipo dilatatum . Se tomaron muestras extrayendo plantas completas en tres sitios del sector norte de la Depresi\uf3n del Salado (La Plata, Magdalena y Pereyra Iraola) en la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El material, mantenido en envases pl\ue1sticos, fue utilizado para medir seis caracteres: n\ufamero de nudos por macolla (NNM), largo y ancho de l\ue1mina de la hoja bandera (LLHB y ALHB), largo del raquis de la espiga basal (LREB), n\ufamero de espigas por panoja (NEP), y n\ufamero de semillas por espiga basal (NSEB). De las 18 comparaciones entre medias de las tres poblaciones (prueba de t), siete mostraron diferencias significativas al nivel p = 0,01 y seis al nivel p = 0,05. La varianza fenot\uedpica dentro de las poblaciones contuvo, en promedio, 26% de varianza gen\ue9tica, con un rango de grado de determinaci\uf3n gen\ue9tica (GDG) desde 0 a 52%. Se deduce de esos resultados que la variabilidad intrapoblacional no super\uf3 la variabilidad entre poblaciones. Si bien los resultados de GDG no son altos, debido al sistema de reproducci\uf3n apom\uedctica, la totalidad de la variaci\uf3n gen\ue9tica disponible podr\ueda ser utilizada con fines de mejoramiento. El an\ue1lisis de componentes principales dio resultados coincidentes con la prueba de t, siendo los caracteres NNM, LLHB, LREB, y NSEB los de mayor poder discriminatorio

La \uabmetaf\uedsica de la experiencia interior\ubb clave teor\ue9tica de la estructura relacional de la persona.

Riflessione sull'esperienza interiore come esperienza metafisica della relazionalit\ue0 accessibile all'essere uman

Confirmation of CCR6 as a risk factor for anti-topoisomerase I antibodies in systemic sclerosis

The current knowledge of the influence of systemic sclerosis (SSc) risk loci in the clinical sub-phenotypes is still limited. The main limitation lies in the low frequency of some sub-phenotypes which could be solved by replication studies in independent cohorts and meta-analysis between studies. In this regard, CCR6 gene variants have been recently associated with anti-topoisomerase I positive (ATA+) production in SSc patients in a candidate gene study. This gene has been proposed to have a critical role in IL-17-driven autoimmunity in human diseases

Aspiration risk factors, microbiology, and empiric antibiotics for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia

Background: Aspiration community-acquired pneumonia (ACAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in patients with aspiration risk factors (AspRFs) are infections associated with anaerobes, but limited evidence suggests their pathogenic role. Research question: What are the aspiration risk factors, microbiology patterns, and empiric anti-anaerobic use in patients hospitalized with CAP? Study design and methods: This is a secondary analysis of GLIMP, an international, multicenter, point-prevalence study of adults hospitalized with CAP. Patients were stratified into three groups: (1) ACAP, (2) CAP/AspRF+ (CAP with AspRF), and (3) CAP/AspRF- (CAP without AspRF). Data on demographics, comorbidities, microbiological results, and anti-anaerobic antibiotics were analyzed in all groups. Patients were further stratified in severe and nonsevere CAP groups. Results: We enrolled 2,606 patients with CAP, of which 193 (7.4%) had ACAP. Risk factors independently associated with ACAP were male, bedridden, underweight, a nursing home resident, and having a history of stroke, dementia, mental illness, and enteral tube feeding. Among non-ACAP patients, 1,709 (70.8%) had CAP/AspRF+ and 704 (29.2%) had CAP/AspRF-. Microbiology patterns including anaerobes were similar between CAP/AspRF-, CAP/AspRF+ and ACAP (0.0% vs 1.03% vs 1.64%). Patients with severe ACAP had higher rates of total gram-negative bacteria (64.3% vs 44.3% vs 33.3%, P = .021) and lower rates of total gram-positive bacteria (7.1% vs 38.1% vs 50.0%, P 50% in all groups) independent of AspRFs or ACAP received specific or broad-spectrum anti-anaerobic coverage antibiotics. Interpretation: Hospitalized patients with ACAP or CAP/AspRF+ had similar anaerobic flora compared with patients without aspiration risk factors. Gram-negative bacteria were more prevalent in patients with severe ACAP. Despite having similar microbiological flora between groups, a large proportion of CAP patients received anti-anaerobic antibiotic coverage

Difficult tracheal intubation in neonates and infants. NEonate and Children audiT of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe (NECTARINE): a prospective European multicentre observational study

International audienceBackground: Neonates and infants are susceptible to hypoxaemia in the perioperative period. The aim of this study was to analyse interventions related to anaesthesia tracheal intubations in this European cohort and identify their clinical consequences.Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of tracheal intubations of the European multicentre observational trial (NEonate and Children audiT of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe [NECTARINE]) in neonates and small infants with difficult tracheal intubation. The primary endpoint was the incidence of difficult intubation and the related complications. The secondary endpoints were the risk factors for severe hypoxaemia attributed to difficult airway management, and 30 and 90 day outcomes.Results: Tracheal intubation was planned in 4683 procedures. Difficult tracheal intubation, defined as two failed attempts of direct laryngoscopy, occurred in 266 children (271 procedures) with an incidence (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 5.8% (95% CI, 5.1-6.5). Bradycardia occurred in 8% of the cases with difficult intubation, whereas a significant decrease in oxygen saturation (SpO2<90% for 60 s) was reported in 40%. No associated risk factors could be identified among co-morbidities, surgical, or anaesthesia management. Using propensity scoring to adjust for confounders, difficult anaesthesia tracheal intubation did not lead to an increase in 30 and 90 day morbidity or mortality.Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrate a high incidence of difficult tracheal intubation in children less than 60 weeks post-conceptual age commonly resulting in severe hypoxaemia. Reassuringly, the morbidity and mortality at 30 and 90 days was not increased by the occurrence of a difficult intubation event

Management of coronary disease in patients with advanced kidney disease

BACKGROUND Clinical trials that have assessed the effect of revascularization in patients with stable coronary disease have routinely excluded those with advanced chronic kidney disease. METHODS We randomly assigned 777 patients with advanced kidney disease and moderate or severe ischemia on stress testing to be treated with an initial invasive strategy consisting of coronary angiography and revascularization (if appropriate) added to medical therapy or an initial conservative strategy consisting of medical therapy alone and angiography reserved for those in whom medical therapy had failed. The primary outcome was a composite of death or nonfatal myocardial infarction. A key secondary outcome was a composite of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. RESULTS At a median follow-up of 2.2 years, a primary outcome event had occurred in 123 patients in the invasive-strategy group and in 129 patients in the conservative-strategy group (estimated 3-year event rate, 36.4% vs. 36.7%; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 1.29; P=0.95). Results for the key secondary outcome were similar (38.5% vs. 39.7%; hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.29). The invasive strategy was associated with a higher incidence of stroke than the conservative strategy (hazard ratio, 3.76; 95% CI, 1.52 to 9.32; P=0.004) and with a higher incidence of death or initiation of dialysis (hazard ratio, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.11; P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with stable coronary disease, advanced chronic kidney disease, and moderate or severe ischemia, we did not find evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of death or nonfatal myocardial infarction