Respuesta productiva de vacas lactantes F1 Holstein x Gyr recibiendo ensilajes de maíz o sorgo como suplemento alimenticio en época seca

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of supply on the performance of multiparous cows during the dry season corn silage or sorghum, in addition to the pasture. Twenty-seven multiparous cows (50%Holstein-50%Gyr), during middle lactation, with 409 ± 80 kg of BW, were used, to study feed intake, body weight variation and milk production. Animals were allocated to three treatments (T1: silage corn, T2: silage sorghum and T3: control group) for 30 days. All data were arranged in completely randomized design, the means were compared using orthogonal contrasts between treatments (control group vs the complement and the second contrast between maize and sorghum), using SPSS (v. 22) program, adopting 0.05 for Type I error. Cows fed silage how strategy during milking had significant effect on milk production p <0.001 weight gain of cows p <0.001 when compared with the control group. However, no significant differences for these two variables p=0.986 and p=0.176 respectively, were evident when corn silage or sorghum was supplemented. Supplementation increased milk production and improved weight gain of cows observed response of 2.2 liters/day and weight gain of 0.82 kg/day, respectively, over the control group.El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la oferta de ensilaje de maíz o sorgo, como complemento a la pastura, sobre el desempeño productivo de vacas multíparas durante la época seca. Para el estudio de las variables consumo, ganancia media diaria y producción de leche se utilizaron 27 vacas multíparas F1 Holstein x Gyr, durante el segundo tercio de lactancia, con peso promedio inicial de 409 ± 80 kg, dispuestos en tres tratamientos (T1: ensilaje de maíz, T2: ensilaje de sorgo y T3: grupo control), durante un mes. Todos los datos fueron dispuestos en diseño completamente al azar, se compararon las medias entre tratamientos aplicando contrastes ortogonales (grupo control vs el complemento y el segundo contraste entre el maíz y el sorgo), utilizando el programa SPSS versión 22, adoptando 0,05 para el error Tipo I. Se pudo observar en este estudio que la estrategia de ofrecer un complemento alimenticio durante el ordeño, tuvo efecto significativo sobre la producción de leche p<0,001 y ganancia de peso de las vacas p<0,001 cuando comparado con el grupo control, sin embargo, no se evidenciaron diferencias significativas para estas dos variables p=0,986 y p=0,176 respectivamente, cuando se suplementó ensilaje de maíz o sorgo. La suplementación aumentó la producción de leche y mejoró la ganancia de peso de las vacas, observándose respuesta de 2,2 Litros/día y ganancia de peso de 0,82 kg/día respectivamente, por encima del grupo control

Desempeño de cabritos recibiendo dietas liquidas con diferentes niveles de grasa durante la etapa de amamantamiento

The aim of the study were to evaluate different levels of inclusion of goat milk fat in the diet of kids during the first 37 days and study its effect on performance, through the intake and nutrient digestibility. Sixty male kids of Saanen and Alpine races were used. The treatments consisted in five levels (2.42; 3.44; 4.43; 6.56; 2.42 and 8.21%) of fat in the diet, and a complete randomized design with 12 repetitions was used. After seventh day of life each animal fed 1.5 liters of milk divided into two portions (08:00 - 15: 00 hours); individual dry matter intake (DMI) was obtained by the difference between the quantity and orts. Digestibility of nutrients was determined by the total collection of feces method. Samples were subsequently subjected to chemical analysis. The intake of dry matter and nutrients evaluated was influenced (p<0.001) for the content of fat in the diet, presenting quadratic effect. Similarly, the coefficient of digestibility of ether extract (CDEE) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (CDCNF) were affected (p = 0.015, p=0.001, respectively), showing linear and quadratic effect. Increasing energy concentration of the diet to the level of inclusion of 6.56% milk fat, increases the DMI, CDCNF and CDEE, however, this increase does not cause improvements in weight gain during this phase, not justifying the addition of milk cream.Los objetivos del estudio fueron evaluar diferentes niveles de inclusión de grasa de leche de cabra en la alimentación de cabritos durante la fase de amamantamiento (37 días de vida) y estudiar su efecto en el desempeño, a través del consumo y digestibilidad de los nutrientes. Se utilizaron 60 cabritos machos de las razas Saanen y Alpina, con inclusión de cinco niveles de grasa en la dieta (2,42; 3,44; 4,43; 6,56; y 8,21 %), utilizando un diseño completamente al azar con 12 repeticiones. A partir del séptimo día de vida cada unidad experimental recibió 1,5 L/leche/día dividida en dos raciones 08:00 -15:00 horas; el consumo individual de materia seca (CMS) fue obtenido por la diferencia entre la cantidad ofrecida y las sobras. Se determinó la digestibilidad de los nutrientes a través del método directo por colecta total de heces. Las muestras fueron posteriormente sometidas a análisis químico. El CMS fue influenciado (p<0,001) por el contenido de grasa en la dieta, presentando comportamiento cuadrático; efecto observado en los demás nutrientes. Igualmente, el coeficiente de digestibilidad del extracto etéreo (CDEE) y de los carbohidratos no fibrosos (CDCNF) se vieron afectados (p=0,015; p<0,001 respectivamente), observándose comportamiento linear y cuadrático respectivamente. Aumentar la concentración energética de la dieta hasta el nivel 6,56 % de inclusion de grasa lactea, aumenta el CMS, CDCNF y CDEE, sin embargo, este incremento no causa mejoras en la ganancia de peso durante esta fase, no justificando la adición de crema a la leche

Suppression of HopZ Effector-Triggered Plant Immunity in a Natural Pathosystem

Many type III-secreted effectors suppress plant defenses, but can also activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in resistant backgrounds. ETI suppression has been shown for a number of type III effectors (T3Es) and ETI-suppressing effectors are considered part of the arms race model for the co-evolution of bacterial virulence and plant defense. However, ETI suppression activities have been shown mostly between effectors not being naturally expressed within the same strain. Furthermore, evolution of effector families is rarely explained taking into account that selective pressure against ETI-triggering effectors may be compensated by ETI-suppressing effector(s) translocated by the same strain. The HopZ effector family is one of the most diverse, displaying a high rate of loss and gain of alleles, which reflects opposing selective pressures. HopZ effectors trigger defense responses in a variety of crops and some have been shown to suppress different plant defenses. Mutational changes in the sequence of ETI-triggering effectors have been proposed to result in the avoidance of detection by their respective hosts, in a process called pathoadaptation. We analyze how deleting or overexpressing HopZ1a and HopZ3 affects virulence of HopZ-encoding and non-encoding strains. We find that both effectors trigger immunity in their plant hosts only when delivered from heterologous strains, while immunity is suppressed when delivered from their native strains. We carried out screens aimed at identifying the determinant(s) suppressing HopZ1a-triggered and HopZ3-triggered immunity within their native strains, and identified several effectors displaying suppression of HopZ3-triggered immunity. We propose effector-mediated cross-suppression of ETI as an additional force driving evolution of the HopZ family

Cooling degree models and future energy demand in the residential sector. A seven-country case study

The intensity and duration of hot weather and the number of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, are increasing, leading to a growing need for space cooling energy demand. Together with the building stock’s low energy performance, this phenomenon may also increase households’ energy consumption. On the other hand, the low level of ownership of cooling equipment can cause low energy consumption, leading to a lack of indoor thermal comfort and several health-related problems, yet increasing the risk of energy poverty in summer. Understanding future temperature variations and the associated impacts on building cooling demand will allow mitigating future issues related to a warmer climate. In this respect, this paper analyses the effects of change in temperatures in the residential sector cooling demand in 2050 for a case study of nineteen cities across seven countries: Cyprus, Finland, Greece, Israel, Portugal, Slovakia, and Spain, by estimating cooling degree days and hours (CDD and CDH). CDD and CDH are calculated using both fixed and adaptive thermal comfort temperature thresholds for 2020 and 2050, understanding their strengths and weaknesses to assess the effects of warmer temperatures. Results suggest a noticeable average increase in CDD and CDH values, up to double, by using both thresholds for 2050, with a particular interest in northern countries where structural modifications in the building stock and occupants’ behavior should be anticipated. Furthermore, the use of the adaptive thermal comfort threshold shows that the projected temperature increases for 2050 might affect people’s capability to adapt their comfort band (i.e., indoor habitability) as temperatures would be higher than the maximum admissible values for people’s comfort and health.The paper stems from collaborative work within COST Action ‘European Energy Poverty: Agenda Co-Creation and Knowledge Innovation’ (ENGAGER 2017–2021, CA16232) funded by European Cooperation in Science and Technology—www.cost.eu (5 December 2020). João Pedro Gouveia and Pedro Palma acknowledge and are thankful for the support provided to CENSE by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the strategic project UIDB/04085/2020 and through the scholarship SFRH/BD/146732/2019 provided to Pedro). Ricardo Barbosa acknowledges the support for this work, which was partly financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE), under reference UIDB/04029/2020

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

EuroPineDB: a high-coverage web database for maritime pine transcriptome

Pinus pinaster is an economically and ecologically important species that is becoming a woody gymnosperm model. Its enormous genome size makes whole-genome sequencing approaches are hard to apply. Therefore, the expressed portion of the genome has to be characterised and the results and annotations have to be stored in dedicated databases

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background: There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low-and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods: Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results: Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion: For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Federated learning enables big data for rare cancer boundary detection.

Although machine learning (ML) has shown promise across disciplines, out-of-sample generalizability is concerning. This is currently addressed by sharing multi-site data, but such centralization is challenging/infeasible to scale due to various limitations. Federated ML (FL) provides an alternative paradigm for accurate and generalizable ML, by only sharing numerical model updates. Here we present the largest FL study to-date, involving data from 71 sites across 6 continents, to generate an automatic tumor boundary detector for the rare disease of glioblastoma, reporting the largest such dataset in the literature (n = 6, 314). We demonstrate a 33% delineation improvement for the surgically targetable tumor, and 23% for the complete tumor extent, over a publicly trained model. We anticipate our study to: 1) enable more healthcare studies informed by large diverse data, ensuring meaningful results for rare diseases and underrepresented populations, 2) facilitate further analyses for glioblastoma by releasing our consensus model, and 3) demonstrate the FL effectiveness at such scale and task-complexity as a paradigm shift for multi-site collaborations, alleviating the need for data-sharing

Author Correction: Federated learning enables big data for rare cancer boundary detection.

10.1038/s41467-023-36188-7NATURE COMMUNICATIONS14

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication