Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia

Measurement of associated W plus charm production in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV

Peer reviewe

A modified device for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy by the introducer technique: use in head and neck cancer patients

O câncer de cabeça e pescoço é a quinta neoplasia mais frequente nos países em desenvolvimento. A disfagia resultante da doença ou do tratamento pode levar à perda ponderal e à desnutrição. A nutrição enteral por sonda é o método de escolha para administração de terapia nutricional aos pacientes com trato gastrointestinal funcionante, incapazes de manter ingestão adequada por via oral. Sondas nasogástricas ou nasoenterais são empregadas para alimentação a curto prazo e sondas de gastrostomia ou jejunostomia, para períodos de tempo mais prolongados que 4 semanas. A gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea é o método mais utilizado, dada sua segurança e eficácia. A técnica de tração é a mais comumente empregada e consiste na introdução da sonda na câmara gástrica através da via orofaríngea e com auxílio do endoscópio. Em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço, esta técnica apresenta limitações decorrentes da estenose da via digestiva provocada por inflamação, irradiação prévia ou pelo próprio tumor que impede a passagem do aparelho ou da sonda. Nesta situação, reporta-se insucesso em cerca de 20% dos casos, além de complicações decorrentes da necessidade de dilatação da estenose, infecção do local da ostomia, obstrução aguda da via aérea e até implante do tumor no local da punção na parede abdominal. A gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea pela técnica de punção é a alternativa mais segura para esse grupo de pacientes, já que a sonda é colocada por via abdominal sob controle endoscópico. As desvantagens da técnica são o risco de deslocamento do estômago insuflado no momento da punção e a utilização de sonda de menor calibre. A introdução da gastropexia endoscópica permite a fixação do estômago à parede abdominal, evitando o deslocamento gástrico no momento da punção. Ainda assim, resta o problema do calibre da sonda. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a modificação de dispositivo para gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea pela técnica de punção quanto à exequibilidade, segurança, eficácia do procedimento e mortalidade. Trinta pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço (a idade média de 58 anos e 76,7% do sexo masculino) foram admitidos no estudo. O índice de Karnofsky médio foi de 67,7 e o risco anestésico, ASA 1 = 3,3%, ASA 2 = 50% e 46,6%, ASA 3. O método de traqueostomia havia sido realizado na metade dos pacientes, 18 (60%) tinham sido submetidos à quimioterapia e radioterapia associadas ou isoladamente. Os tumores da cavidade oral foram os mais frequentes, com 11 (36,7%) casos. Metade dos pacientes foi diagnosticada no estádio IV da doença, 7 (23,3%) no estádio III, 1 (3,3%) estádio II e 5 (16,7%) apresentavam recidiva. O tipo histológico mais comum foi o carcinoma escamocelular, em 27 (89,9%) casos. A presença de estenose foi encontrada em 23 (76,7%) pacientes, sendo 15 (50%) isoladas e em 8 (26,7%), associadas a trismo. Os pacientes foram submetidos à gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea pela técnica de punção com dispositivo modificado com fenda lateral e mandril com ponta cônica, associada à gastropexia e colocação de sonda balonada de 20 Fr. O procedimento foi realizado em regime ambulatorial em 26 (86,7%) pacientes, sempre sob sedação e anestesia local. A via mais frequente de acesso à câmara gástrica foi a oral em 26 (86,7%) pacientes e a nasal, nos demais. Não houve necessidade de dilatação da via aerodigestiva para passagem do endoscópio. O procedimento foi bem-sucedido em todos os enfermos e sem complicações perioperatórias. Os pacientes foram seguidos no pós-operatório imediato, com 72 horas, 10, 30 e 60 dias, para avaliação de dor, infecção do estoma, funcionalidade, problemas com a sonda e mortalidade. Não foram observados sinais de infecção do estoma por meio do escore combinado de infecção. No pós-operatório imediato, um (3,3%) paciente apresentou dor abdominal difusa, levando-o à laparotomia exploradora. Tratou-se de pneumoperitoneo maciço sem sinais de lesão de outras vísceras que o justificassem e foi considerada complicação maior precoce. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou dor leve e moderada no pós-operatório imediato e com 72 horas. Duas complicações menores (6,6%) foram observadas; dermatite química por extravasamento ao redor da sonda no 36º pós-operatório e perda inadvertida de sonda no 8º pós-operatório, sem sinais de complicação e que foi reposicionada sem necessidade de nova endoscopia. Em dois (6,6%) pacientes, houve rotura tardia do balão da sonda que foi substituída, sem exame endoscópico. A infusão da dieta foi considerada de fácil execução em todos os pacientes e não houve obstrução da sonda até 60 dias de avaliação. Não se observou mortalidade relacionada ao procedimento decorridos 30 dias da intervenção. Houve dois (6,6%) óbitos entre 30 e 60 dias, decorrentes da evolução da doença. Em conclusão, a modificação do dispositivo para gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea pela técnica punção é exequível, segura e eficiente em pacientes com neoplasia avançada e obstrutiva de cabeça e pescoço, sob regime ambulatorial e sedação, permitindo o uso de sonda mais calibrosa e sua troca sem necessidade de nova endoscopia, apresentando baixas taxas de complicações e sem mortalidade relacionada ao procedimento nesta sérieHead and neck cancer is the fifth most frequent neoplasm in developing countries. Dysphagia resulting from head and neck cancer or its treatment may lead to weight loss and malnutrition. Enteral nutrition is the method of choice of therapy to patients with preserved gastrointestinal tract unable to maintain adequate oral ingestion. Nasogastric or nasoenteral tubes are employed for short-term feeding and gastrostomy or jejunostomy tubes for more than 4 weeks. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is the most used method due to its safety and efficacy. The pull technique is the most commonly used method consisting in the introduction of a tube into the inflated stomach through the oropharingeal route with endoscopic aid. In those patients, such technique presents limitations due to digestive tract stenosis caused by inflammation, irradiation, or the tumor itself preventing endoscope or tube passage. In this case, failure occurs in approximately 20% of cases. Complications caused by stenosis dilation, infection of the ostomy site, acute airway obstruction, and even implantation of tumor at the puncture site on the abdominal wall have also been reported. Percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy through introducer technique is the safest alternative for this group of patients because the tube is placed through an abdominal access under endoscopic control. The disadvantages of this method are the risk of displacing the inflated stomach at the moment of puncture and the use of smaller caliber tubes. The advent of the endoscopic gastropexy enables the fixation of the stomach to the abdominal wall preventing gastric displacement at the moment of puncture. Even though, tube caliber problem remains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the modification of a percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy device with introducer technique regarding procedure feasibility, complications, procedure safety efficacy, and mortality. Thirty patients (mean age: 58 years, 76.7%: male) were included in the study. Mean Karnofsky index was found to be 67.7% and anesthetic risk ASA 1 = 3.3%, ASA 2 = 46.6%, and ASA 3 = 46.6%. Half of the patients had already undergone tracheostomy and 18 (60%) had chemotherapy and radiotherapy associated or in monotherapy. Oral cavity tumors were the most frequent totaling 11 (36.7%) of cases. Half of the patients were diagnosed in the stage IV of the disease, 7 (23.3%) in stage III, 1 (3.3%) in stage II, and 5 (16.7%) had already recurrence. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent histological type in 27 (89.9%) of cases. Stenosis was found in 23 (76.6%) of cases, of which 15 (50%) were found to be isolated and 8 (26.7%), associated to trismus. Patients underwent introducer technique percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy using modified device, associated to gastropexy, and a 20-Fr balloon tube placement. The procedure was performed in 26 (86.7%) outpatients under sedation and local anesthesia. The most frequent route to the inflated stomach was the oral route in 86.7% of patients and the nasal route in the others. There was no need for digestive dilation for passing the endoscope. The procedure was successful in all cases with no perioperative complications. Patients were followed up in the immediate postoperative period and at 72 hours, 10, 30 and 60 days for the assessment of pain, stoma infection, functionality, tube-related problems, and mortality. No signs of stoma infection were observed through the combined infection score. In the immediate postoperative period, one (3.3%) patient presented diffuse abdominal pain, leading to exploratory laparotomy that revealed massive pneumoperitoneum with no related signs of lesion to other organs and that was considered a major early complication. The majority of patients presented mild, moderate pain in the immediate postoperative period and at 72 hours. Two minor complications (6.6%) were observed: chemical dermatitis due to leakage around the tube on postoperative day 36 and inadvertent tube loss on postoperative day 8 with no signs of complication, so that the tube was repositioned without endoscopy. Two patients (6.6%) presented late rupture of tube balloon that was replaced without endoscopic examination. Dietary infusion was considered to be easily performed in all patients and no tube obstruction up to 60 assessment days was observed. Procedure-related deaths were not observed up to 30 days post intervention. There were two (6.6%) deaths between days 30 and 60 resulting from disease evolution. In conclusion, the application of the modified device for percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy with introducer technique is feasible, safe, and efficient in outpatients with advanced, obstructive head and neck cancer under sedation, allowing the use of larger caliber, replaceable tube with low complication rates and no procedure-related mortality in this serie

Endoscopic placement of a "plug" made of acellular biomaterial: a new technique for the repair of gastric leak after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

RACIONAL: A gastroplastia redutora à Capella, que combina técnicas restritiva e disabsortiva, é o procedimento bariátrico mais realizado no Brasil. Uma das complicações mais temidas desta operação é a fístula gastrocutânea que ocorre na linha de grampeamento vertical da neocâmara. O tratamento inicial consiste em drenagem adequada, suporte nutricional, bloqueio da produção de ácido e antibioticoterapia. Em 20% a 30% dos casos, a fístula tomará curso crônico. Nestes casos, vários tratamentos endoscópicos têm sido sugeridos. OBJETIVO: Descrever a técnica e os resultados do tratamento endoscópico das fístulas gastrocutâneas decorrentes de operações bariátricas através da aplicação de matriz acelular fibrogênica. MÉTODOS: Nesta série de casos, descrevem-se 25 pacientes com esta complicação tratados de maneira pioneira através da aplicação endoscópica de matriz acelular fibrogênica. O tempo entre o diagnóstico da fístula e a primeira sessão do tratamento endoscópico variou de 4 a 25 semanas, mediana: 7 semanas). RESULTADOS: Dos 25 pacientes, 20 (80%) tiveram a fístula fechada pelo método. Seis deles com uma única sessão (30,0%), 11 necessitaram de duas aplicações (55,0%) e 3 pacientes, de uma terceira sessão (15,0%) para a obliteração do trajeto fistuloso. Não houve complicações relacionadas ao procedimento. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de matriz fibrogênica para o tratamento endoscópico da fístula gástrica após operação de Capella é método seguro e eficaz, sendo sua principal limitação o número de sessões necessárias.BACKGROUND: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is one of the most commonly performed bariatric surgeries in Brazil. Gastric leaks are relatively uncommon and potentially dangerous complications. The initial management of gastric leaks consists in adequate drainage, nutritional support, antibiotics and acid suppression. In almost 30% of the cases the fistula will become chronic. AIM: A novel peroral endoscopic treatment of gastric leaks in Roux-en-Y gastric bypassed patients is presented. METHODS: An acellular biomaterial was endocopically placed in the fistulous orifice in order to promote healing and avoid surgery in 25 patients. The time between fistula diagnosis and endoscopic treatment varied from 4 to 25 weeks (median: 7 weeks). RESULTS: Endoscopic treatment was successful in 20 (80%) patients. Fistula closure was obtained after one, two and three sessions in 6 (30%), 11 (55%) and 3 (15%) patients, respectively. No procedure related complications were observed. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic repair of gastric leak after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass by using an acellular biomaterial is safe and effective. However two or three endoscopic sessions are usually needed

Search for narrow resonances using the dijet mass spectrum in pp collisions at s√=8 TeV

Results are presented of a search for the production of new particles decaying to pairs of partons (quarks, antiquarks, or gluons), in the dijet mass spectrum in proton-proton collisions at s√=8  TeV. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 4.0  fb−1, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2012. No significant evidence for narrow resonance production is observed. Upper limits are set at the 95% confidence level on the production cross section of hypothetical new particles decaying to quark-quark, quark-gluon, or gluon-gluon final states. These limits are then translated into lower limits on the masses of new resonances in specific scenarios of physics beyond the standard model. The limits reach up to 4.8 TeV, depending on the model, and extend previous exclusions from similar searches performed at lower collision energies. For the first time mass limits are set for the Randall–Sundrum graviton model in the dijet channel