Reich und Region im Nationalsozialismus

Im annektierten Elsass wurde das institutionelle Arrangement von Reich, Region und nationalsozialistischer Partei auf spezifische Weise weiterentwickelt. So wurde am „Oberrhein“ eine neue politische Einheit etabliert: Der Oberrheingau war der einzige Gau neuen Typs, der ein gesamtes Land des sogenannten Altreichs umfasste: Baden. In dem Dreiecksverhältnis Baden/Elsaß/Reich wurden seit 1940 Probleme des badisch-elsässischen Binnenverhältnisses ebenso verhandelt wie das Verhältnis der Teile und des Ganzen, also dem Verhältnis zum Reich. In fünf Schritten wird dieses Dreiecksverhältnis untersucht: Nachdem das Verhältnis des Chefs der Zivilverwaltung zum Reich bestimmt wurde (1), wird ein genauerer Blick auf die Personalpolitik geworfen, die in der Praxis entscheidend war für die „badische“ Lösung der Annexionsfrage (2). Neben der Übertragung der deutschen Schulstruktur auf das Elsass (3) wird der Oberrhein als politischer Vorstellungs- und Handlungsraum analysiert: Die Oberrhein-Ideologie lieferte einerseits das regionalistische Leitmotiv des Schulunterrichts (4) und war zugleich Planungs- und Handlungshorizont künftiger Schul- und Hochschulpolitik (5). Auf längere Sicht konnte Schulpolitik nicht „badisch“ sein in einem vereinigten Oberrheingau, dessen Hauptstadt und politisches Kraftzentrum Straßburg war. Personalpolitik, Strukturpolitik und Verwaltungshandeln zielten auf eine vollständige Integration beider Gebiete ab. Der Artikel zeigt, wie die Überformung des elsässischen Schulwesens von badischen (regionalistischen und antifranzösischen), reichsdeutschen (strukturellen) und nationalsozialistischen Eigenheiten (weltanschauliche Überformung) geprägt wurde. Die Idee und Praxis des politischen Raums „Oberrhein“ überlagerte die überkommenen Strukturen von Staatlichkeit im Elsass ebenso wie im Land Baden.En Alsace annexée, l’arrangement institutionnel du Reich, de la région et du parti national-socialiste s’est développé de manière spécifique. C’est ainsi qu’une nouvelle unité politique a été créée sur le Rhin supérieur : L’Oberrheingau était le seul Gau d’un nouveau type qui englobait un Land entier : le pays de Bade. Dans la relation triangulaire Alsace/pays de Bade/Reich, les problèmes de la relation interne Bade-Alsace faisaient l’objet de négociations difficiles depuis 1940, de même que la relation des Parties et du Tout c’est-à-dire leur rapport au Reich. Cette relation triangulaire est étudiée en cinq étapes : Après la détermination du rapport entre le Chef de l’administration civile et le Reich (1), la politique du personnel est examinée de plus près : Elle était décisive pour une solution « badoise » de l’annexion (2). Outre le transfert de la structure scolaire allemande vers l’Alsace (3), l’Oberrhein est analysé comme un espace d’imagination et d’action politique : L’idéologie du Oberrhein était d’une part le leitmotiv régionaliste de l’enseignement scolaire (4) et d’autre part l’horizon de planification et d’action politique des nouveaux dirigeants (5). A plus long terme, la politique scolaire ne pouvait pas être « badois » dans un Oberrheingau uni dont la capitale et le centre politique était Strasbourg et dont la politique du personnel, la politique structurelle et l’action administrative visaient à la pleine intégration des deux régions. L’article montre comment la transformation du système scolaire alsacien a été façonnée par les particularités de Baden (régionaliste et anti-français), du Reich (structurel) et du national-socialisme (transformation idéologique). L’idée et la pratique du nouvel espace politique de l’Oberrhein ont superposé les structures traditionnelles de l'État en Alsace autant que dans le pays de Bade.In annexed Alsace, the institutional arrangement of the Reich, the region and the Nazi party has developed in a specific way. A new political unity was established on the Upper Rhine: The Oberrheingau was the only Gau of a new type that encompassed an entire country of the so-called Altreich: Baden. In the triangular relationship of Alsace/Baden/Reich, the internal relationship between Baden and Alsace was the subject of a difficult bargaining process since 1940, just as the question of the parts and the whole, i.e. their relationship to the Reich. This triangular relationship is examined in five steps: After an overview of the relations between the Chief of the civil administration in Alsace and the Reich (1), a closer look is taken at personnel policy, which was decisive for a “Baden” solution to the annexation (2). In addition to the transfer of the German school structure to Alsace (3), the Upper Rhine is analyzed as an area of political imagination and action: The “Oberrhein” ideology provided both the regionalist leitmotif of school teaching (4) and the planning horizon of future school and higher education policy (5). In the longer term, school policy could not be “badisch” in a united Oberrhein district whose capital and political power center was Strasbourg. Personnel policy, structural policy and administrative action aimed at the complete integration of both regions. The article shows how the transformation of the Alsatian school system was shaped by Baden (regionalist and anti-French), the Reich (structural) and National Socialist peculiarities (ideological transformation). The idea and practice of the new political space “Oberrhein” were superimposed on the traditional structures of statehood in Alsace as well as in Baden

Adult-Onset Leukoencephalopathy With Axonal Spheroids and Pigmented Glia: Review of Clinical Manifestations as Foundations for Therapeutic Development

A comprehensive review of published literature was conducted to elucidate the genetics, neuropathology, imaging findings, prevalence, clinical course, diagnosis/clinical evaluation, potential biomarkers, and current and proposed treatments for adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP), a rare, debilitating, and life-threatening neurodegenerative disorder for which disease-modifying therapies are not currently available. Details on potential efficacy endpoints for future interventional clinical trials in patients with ALSP and data related to the burden of the disease on patients and caregivers were also reviewed. The information in this position paper lays a foundation to establish an effective clinical rationale and address the clinical gaps for creation of a robust strategy to develop therapeutic agents for ALSP, as well as design future clinical trials, that have clinically meaningful and convergent endpoints

Infrared wavefront sensing for adaptive optics assisted Galactic Center observations with the VLT interferometer and GRAVITY: operation and results

This article describes the operation of the near-infrared wavefront sensing based Adaptive Optics (AO) system CIAO. The Coud\'e Infrared Adaptive Optics (CIAO) system is a central auxiliary component of the Very Large Telescope (VLT) interferometer (VLTI). It enables in particular the observations of the Galactic Center (GC) using the GRAVITY instrument. GRAVITY is a highly specialized beam combiner, a device that coherently combines the light of the four 8-m telescopes and finally records interferometric measurements in the K-band on 6 baselines simultaneously. CIAO compensates for phase disturbances caused by atmospheric turbulence, which all four 8 m Unit Telescopes (UT) experience during observation. Each of the four CIAO units generates an almost diffraction-limited image quality at its UT, which ensures that maximum flux of the observed stellar object enters the fibers of the GRAVITY beam combiner. We present CIAO performance data obtained in the first 3 years of operation as a function of weather conditions. We describe how CIAO is configured and used for observations with GRAVITY. In addition, we focus on the outstanding features of the near-infrared sensitive Saphira detector, which is used for the first time on Paranal, and show how it works as a wavefront sensor detector.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Instruments (open access journal from mdpi

Clinical relevance of molecular characteristics in Burkitt lymphoma differs according to age

While survival has improved for Burkitt lymphoma patients, potential differences in outcome between pediatric and adult patients remain unclear. In both age groups, survival remains poor at relapse. Therefore, we conducted a comparative study in a large pediatric cohort, including 191 cases and 97 samples from adults. While TP53 and CCND3 mutation frequencies are not age related, samples from pediatric patients showed a higher frequency of mutations in ID3, DDX3X, ARID1A and SMARCA4, while several genes such as BCL2 and YY1AP1 are almost exclusively mutated in adult patients. An unbiased analysis reveals a transition of the mutational profile between 25 and 40 years of age. Survival analysis in the pediatric cohort confirms that TP53 mutations are significantly associated with higher incidence of relapse (25 ± 4% versus 6 ± 2%, p-value 0.0002). This identifies a promising molecular marker for relapse incidence in pediatric BL which will be used in future clinical trials

Tachykinins Stimulate a Subset of Mouse Taste Cells

The tachykinins substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) are present in nociceptive sensory fibers expressing transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1 (TRPV1). These fibers are found extensively in and around the taste buds of several species. Tachykinins are released from nociceptive fibers by irritants such as capsaicin, the active compound found in chili peppers commonly associated with the sensation of spiciness. Using real-time Ca2+-imaging on isolated taste cells, it was observed that SP induces Ca2+ -responses in a subset of taste cells at concentrations in the low nanomolar range. These responses were reversibly inhibited by blocking the SP receptor NK-1R. NKA also induced Ca2+-responses in a subset of taste cells, but only at concentrations in the high nanomolar range. These responses were only partially inhibited by blocking the NKA receptor NK-2R, and were also inhibited by blocking NK-1R indicating that NKA is only active in taste cells at concentrations that activate both receptors. In addition, it was determined that tachykinin signaling in taste cells requires Ca2+-release from endoplasmic reticulum stores. RT-PCR analysis further confirmed that mouse taste buds express NK-1R and NK-2R. Using Ca2+-imaging and single cell RT-PCR, it was determined that the majority of tachykinin-responsive taste cells were Type I (Glial-like) and umami-responsive Type II (Receptor) cells. Importantly, stimulating NK-1R had an additive effect on Ca2+ responses evoked by umami stimuli in Type II (Receptor) cells. This data indicates that tachykinin release from nociceptive sensory fibers in and around taste buds may enhance umami and other taste modalities, providing a possible mechanism for the increased palatability of spicy foods

The GRAVITY+ Project: Towards All-sky, Faint-Science, High-Contrast Near-Infrared Interferometry at the VLTI

The GRAVITY instrument has been revolutionary for near-infrared interferometry by pushing sensitivity and precision to previously unknown limits. With the upgrade of GRAVITY and the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) in GRAVITY+, these limits will be pushed even further, with vastly improved sky coverage, as well as faint-science and high-contrast capabilities. This upgrade includes the implementation of wide-field off-axis fringe-tracking, new adaptive optics systems on all Unit Telescopes, and laser guide stars in an upgraded facility. GRAVITY+ will open up the sky to the measurement of black hole masses across cosmic time in hundreds of active galactic nuclei, use the faint stars in the Galactic centre to probe General Relativity, and enable the characterisation of dozens of young exoplanets to study their formation, bearing the promise of another scientific revolution to come at the VLTI.Comment: Published in the ESO Messenge

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass