Direct catalytic conversion of cellulose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using ionic liquids

Cellulose is the single largest component of lignocellulosic biomass and is an attractive feedstock for a wide variety of renewable platform chemicals and biofuels, providing an alternative to petrochemicals and petrofuels. This potential is currently limited by the existing methods of transforming this poorly soluble polymer into useful chemical building blocks, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Ionic liquids have been used successfully to separate cellulose from the other components of lignocellulosic biomass and so the use of the same medium for the challenging transformation of cellulose into HMF would be highly attractive for the development of the biorefinery concept. In this report, ionic liquids based on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cations [C4C1im]+ with Lewis basic (X = Cl−) and Brønsted acidic (X = HSO4−) anions were used to investigate the direct catalytic transformation of cellulose to HMF. Variables probed included the composition of the ionic liquid medium, the metal catalyst, and the reaction conditions (temperature, substrate concentration). Lowering the cellulose loading and optimising the temperature achieved a 58% HMF yield after only one hour at 150 °C using a 7 mol % loading of the CrCl3 catalyst. This compares favourably with current literature procedures requiring much longer reactions times or approaches that are difficult to scale such as microwave irradiation

A novel approach for skin infections: Controlled release topical mats of poly (lactic acid)/poly(ethylene succinate) blends containing Voriconazole

WOS: 000438500700010The oral and injectable formulations of Voriconazole (VRZ), a known antifungal agent with low solubility, seem to cause severe side effects. Consequently, topical application of VRZ could be advantageous for skin fungal infections. In this study, VRZ embedded in a polymeric matrix composed of biocompatible poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ethylene succinate) (PESu). The mats were prepared via solvent evaporation and fully characterized by Fourier-Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), in vitro hydrolysis and release studies. The prepared blends defined as immiscible by DSC and SEM while FTIR spectroscopy did not disclose noticeable interactions between the polymers. It was found that hydrolysis was improved by increasing PESu content into the blend. VRZ loaded blends spectra exhibit slight differentiation compared to neat blends while the absence of VRZ melting peak, as DSC illustrated, indicated drug amorphization. Lastly, in vitro release studies depicted a controlled release pattern dependent on mats' hydrolysis degree. An improved antifungal activity of mats was detected by disc diffusion method against various microorganisms. Ex vivo studies of VRZ did not determine high permeation while histopathology results using mice were profitable. The irritation experiments displayed that the mats did not induce any skin irritation

Enhanced biomedical heat-triggered carriers via nanomagnetism tuning in ferrite-based nanoparticles

Biomedical nanomagnetic carriers are getting a higher impact in therapy and diagnosis schemes while their constraints and prerequisites are more and more successfully confronted. Such particles should possess a well-defined size with minimum agglomeration and they should be synthesized in a facile and reproducible high-yield way together with a controllable response to an applied static or dynamic field tailored for the specific application. Here, we attempt to enhance the heating efficiency in magnetic particle hyperthermia treatment through the proper adjustment of the core–shell morphology in ferrite particles, by controlling exchange and dipolar magnetic interactions at the nanoscale. Thus, core–shell nanoparticles with mutual coupling of magnetically hard (CoFe2O4) and soft (MnFe2O4) components are synthesized with facile synthetic controls resulting in uniform size and shell thickness as evidenced by high resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging, excellent crystallinity and size monodispersity. Such a magnetic coupling enables the fine tuning of magnetic anisotropy and magnetic interactions without sparing the good structural, chemical and colloidal stability. Consequently, the magnetic heating efficiency of CoFe2O4 and MnFe2O4 core–shell nanoparticles is distinctively different from that of their counterparts, even though all these nanocrystals were synthesized under similar conditions. For better understanding of the AC magnetic hyperthermia response and its correlation with magnetic-origin features we study the effect of the volume ratio of magnetic hard and soft phases in the bimagnetic core−shell nanocrystals. Eventually, such particles may be considered as novel heating carriers that under further biomedical functionalization may become adaptable multifunctional heat-triggered nanoplatforms

Genetic and Technological Characterisation of Vineyard-and Winery-Associated Lactic Acid Bacteria

Vineyard-and winery-associated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from two major PDO regions in Greece, Peza and Nemea, were surveyed. LAB were isolated from grapes, fermenting musts, and winery tanks performing spontaneous malolactic fermentations (MLF). Higher population density and species richness were detected in Nemea than in Peza vineyards and on grapes than in fermenting musts. Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactobacillus graminis were the most abundant LAB on grapes, while Lactobacillus plantarum dominated in fermenting musts from both regions. No particular structure of Lactobacillus plantarum populations according to the region of origin was observed, and strain distribution seems random. LAB species diversity in winery tanks differed significantly from that in vineyard samples, consisting principally of Oenococcus oeni. Different strains were analysed as per their enological characteristics and the ability to produce biogenic amines (BAs). Winery-associated species showed higher resistance to low pH, ethanol, SO 2 , and CuSO 4 than vineyard-associated isolates. The frequency of BA-producing strains was relatively low but not negligible, considering that certain winery-associated Lactobacillus hilgardii strains were able to produce BAs. Present results show the necessity of controlling the MLF by selected starters in order to avoid BA accumulation in wine

Safe-by-design for materials and chemicals: Towards an innovation programme in Horizon Europe

Non-paper Safe-by-design of materials and chemicals: Towards an innovation programme in Horizon Europe In the global transition to a safe and circular economy, the EU can play a leading role by developing innovative, safer and sustainable materials, chemicals, products and services. EU innovation policy, as a complement to chemicals policy, could stimulate the development and adoption of such innovations. An informal working group of experts from government, academia and industry has developed a non-paper about the main topics for an innovation programme, in Horizon Europe or other European programmes, that could accelerate the design, development and adoption of safer alternatives to new and existing applications (materials, chemicals, products and services) where safety hazards (may) arise. The document proposes three funding areas for a Horizon Europe programme: developing and improving methodologies for safe (re)design of chemicals and materials to ensure that toxicity and other lifecycle considerations (including circularity) are integrated into design processes; thematic Research, Development and Innovation (RD&I) to overcome technical and scientific challenges in areas where it has been difficult to find safer alternatives; creating an enabling environment: Knowledge exchange, education and supply chain cooperation to set up safe-by-design as a new interdisciplinary approach.van der Waals J.F.M., Falk A., Fantke P., Filippousi P., Flipphi R.C.H., Mottet D., Trier X. (2019). Safe-by-design for materials and chemicals: Towards an innovation programme in Horizon Europe

Synthesis of aromatic and heterocyclic platform chemicals from bio-derived furans

The environmental impact of the extensive use of fossil fuels to produce fuels and chemicals as well as the cost sensitivity of platform chemicals to oil prices remain major concerns. Sustainable biomass processing is the only viable solution for the large-scale production of bio-based products with a projected average of 30 % of the production of chemicals to derive from biomass within the EU (Joint European Biorefinery Vision for 2030). The co-production of fuels and high-value bio-derived chemicals would contribute to the environmental sustainability, as well as the economic viability, of the future biorefineries. Lignocellulosic biomass is relatively inexpensive and abundant, without competing with food sources, and thus it can be considered as the most suitable feedstock for a full-scale biorefinery. The production of highly functionalized intermediates such as 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (5-HMF) and 2,5-dimethylfuran (2,5-DMF) from lignocellulose has been established. The conversion of such platform chemicals into other high-value products remains a challenge. A plethora of published studies focused on the transformations of the functional groups rather than using the furan ring chemistry. The overall project objective was the study of novel reaction protocols to produce heterocyclic and aromatic platform chemicals from established biomass intermediates by using ionic liquids as catalysts or co-catalysts. Thiophene synthesis from bio-derived furanics, such as 2,5-DMF, was studied under acidic conditions, focusing on Lewis acidic ionic liquids that promoted the recyclization of bio-derived 2,5-DMF into its thiophene analogue. Moisture-stable chlorometallate ILs were synthesised and characterised separately to elucidate speciation, acidity and thermal stability prior to being applied towards thiophene synthesis in liquid-liquid biphasic reactions. Lewis acidic chlorozincate(II) ionic liquids were also supported on an inexpensive, high surface area silica support, affording supported ionic liquids (SILPs) that were studied for their surface properties and IL/support interactions. The SILP materials were successfully tested as catalysts for the novel, gas-phase synthesis of 2,5-dimethylthiophene (2,5-DMT) in a pressurised fluidised bed reactor that was constructed in-house. The latter experiments aimed for process control where parameters such as temperature and substrate/H2S ratios were controlled with the overall process economics improving as a thin layer of ionic liquid was used instead of a biphasic system. 2,5-DMF was also investigated as an activated diene in acid-catalysed Diels-Alder reactions in the presence of maleic anhydride towards the synthesis of phthalic anhydride derivatives. The domino reactions for the formation of 3,6-dimethylphthalic anhydride (3,6-DMPA), a potential precursor for polymer synthesis, was studied in binary IL/acid systems of different acidity profiles, indicating the potential towards the direct synthesis of 3,6-DMPA from bio-based furanic compounds.Open Acces

Μελέτη και χαρακτηρισμός μαγνητικών νανοσωματιδίων και ζεολίθων ως φορείς μετάλλων

Within the frame of this thesis a combined morphological andstructural characterization of two different materials (magneticnanoparticles and zeolites) was performed for potential use for biomedicalapplications.Zeolite is a natural product formulated through geological processesoccurring within millions of years in nature. Zeolites as biocompatiblematerials may be used either for implantation in tissues or as naturalmineral absorbing harmful substances from the body acting as detoxifier.The magnetic nanoparticles, especially iron oxides, due to their size, thecapability of manipulating them by a distance and almost their negligibleside effects in the body, make these nanoparticles highly effective forpotential use in biomedicine.This thesis starts with the description of the techniques which wereused in order to study and characterize those materials (Chapter 1). Then itis divided in two parts. The first part (Chapters 2-4) concerns the study andcharacterization of the magnetic nanoparticles as well as their biomedicineapplications. The second part (Chapter 5) deals with the characterization ofthe natural zeolite (HEU-type) before and after loading with metals (silverand zinc).The outline of the thesis is as follows:Chapter 1 provides an overview of the various techniques which were usedin order to characterize the iron oxide nanoparticles and the zeolites beforeand after being loaded with metals. Chapter 2 (Magnetic Naoparticles: Iron oxide nanoparticles) starts with anoverview about magnetic nanoparticles and focuses particularly on ironoxide nanoparticles. It is of great importance to understand thephysicochemical properties of such magnetic nanoparticles, not onlybecause these properties determine their stability, but also because it is away to understand their behavior, depending on the application which areintended to be used for. Combining all the characterization techniques, wecan obtain different kind of information about the nanoparticles. So, in thissection we will mainly focus on the synthesis and the techniques whichwere used for the characterization of them.In Chapter 3 we will discuss the biomedical applications of thesynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles in aqueous solution, which have beencharacterized in the previous section. The surface of these iron oxidenanoparticles was modified by a biocompatible and biodegradablepolymeric matrix in order to be non-toxic. Scanning transmission electronmicroscopy revealed the encapsulation of magnetic nanoparticles inside thepolymeric matrix and the diameter of the nanovehicles was measured to bebelow 250 nm. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping allowed usto determine the presence of the different material ingredients in aquantitative way. From the release profile we can conclude that thenanoparticles exhibit a biphasic drug release pattern in vitro over 15 days,depending on the molecular weight of the hydrophobic part of the polymermatrix.In Chapter 4 polyhedral magnetic iron oxide nanocrystals with multiplefacets have been embedded in biocompatible and biodegradable polymericmatrices in order to study their structural, magnetic features and alternatingcurrent(AC) magnetic heating efficiency. The encapsulation of iron oxide nanoparticles into a polymer matrix was confirmed by transmission electronmicroscopy and further corroborated with High Angle Annular Dark FieldScanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. Moreover, HAADF-STEMtomography proved that the iron oxide nanocrystals consist of well-definedpolyhedral structures with multiple facets. The magnetic features werefound to be in good agreement with the structural and morphologicalfeatures and are maintained even after encapsulation. Furthermore, themagnetic nanoparticles inside these matrices may be considered as a goodcandidate for biomedical applications in hyperthermia treatments becauseof their high heat capacity exhibited under an alternating magnetic field.The anticancer Taxol drug was encapsulated in these nanoparticles and itsphysical state and release rate at 37 and 42oC was studied.Within the frame of Chapter 5 natural zeolite crystals (of the HEU-type)loaded with Zn and Ag ions were prepared and characterized. Initially theNa homoionic form of the zeolite (heulandite) was prepared, followed byion exchange of Ag- and Zn- ions. The atomic structure of natural HEUtypezeolite and two ion-exchanged variants of the zeolite, Ag+ and Zn2+ ionexchanged HEU-type zeolite, are investigated using low voltage aberrationcorrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Using high resolutionimaging at low-dose conditions, the local crystal structure of natural HEUtypezeolite has been characterized for the first time and the interaction ofloaded natural zeolites with Ag and Zn clusters has been studied. Bycombining TEM with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powderdiffraction the presence and structure of Ag and ZnO clusters and/ornanoparticles inside and partly at the surface of the zeolitic structure of theAg+ and Zn2+ ion exchanged materials, has been confirmed. Directcharacterization of this type of natural zeolites by transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM) is extremely challenging due to the sensitive nature of the materials. However, we show that under extreme low-dose conditions,TEM can be used to image the interaction between (natural) zeoliticframeworks and loaded nanoparticles or clusters in a plethora of sensitivematerials.Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβήςπραγματοποιήθηκε μια συνδυασμένη μορφολογική και δομική μελέτη δύοδιαφορετικών υλικών (μαγνητικών νανοσωματιδίων και ζεολίθων) μεαπώτερο σκοπό τη χρήση τους για βιοϊατρικές εφαρμογές.O ζεόλιθος είναι ένα φυσικό προϊόν που δημιουργείται μέσα απόφυσικές διαδικασίες εκατομμυρίων ετών. Οι ζεόλιθοι, ως βιοσυμβατάυλικά, μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν είτε για εμφύτευση σε ιστούς είτε σανφυσικό συμπλήρωμα μετάλλων απορροφώντας τις ελεύθερες ρίζες καιδεσμεύοντας βαρέα μέταλλα από τον οργανισμό λειτουργώντας ωςαποτοξινωτικό. Τα μαγνητικά νανοσωματίδια, κυρίως τα οξείδια τουσιδήρου, εξαιτίας του μεγέθους τους, της δυνατότητας διαχείρισης τουςαπό απόσταση και τις σχεδόν μηδενικές παρενέργειες στον οργανισμό τακαθιστούν αποτελεσματικά για την εφαρμογή τους στην βιοϊατρική.Η παρούσα εργασία ξεκινάει με την περιγραφή των τεχνικών πουχρησιμοποιήθηκαν (πρώτο κεφάλαιο) για την μελέτη και τονχαρακτηρισμό αυτών των υλικών. Έπειτα χωρίζεται σε δύο μέρη. Τοπρώτο μέρος αφορά στην μελέτη, τον χαρακτηρισμό και τις βιοϊατρικέςεφαρμογές των μαγνητικών νανοσωματιδίων (κεφάλαια 2-4). Το δεύτερομέρος (κεφάλαιο 5) ασχολείται με τον χαρακτηρισμό του φυσικού ζεολίθου(HEU-type) πριν και μετά την φόρτωση του με μέταλλα (άργυρος καιψευδάργυρος).Συνεπώς η διαμόρφωση αυτής της διατριβής έχει ως εξής: Το πρώτο κεφάλαιο παρέχει μια επισκόπηση των διαφόρων τεχνικών πουχρησιμοποιήθηκαν για τον χαρακτηρισμό των μαγνητικών νανοσωματιδίωνοξειδίου του σιδήρου και του ζεολίθου πριν και μετά την φόρτωση του μεμέταλλα.Το δεύτερο κεφάλαιο (μαγνητικά νανοσωματίδια: νανοσωματίδια οξειδίουτου σιδήρου) ξεκινά με μια αναφορά στα μαγνητικά νανοσωματίδια καιεστιάζει κυρίως σε νανοσωματίδια οξειδίων του σιδήρου. Είναι σημαντικήη μελέτη των ιδιοτήτων των μαγνητικών νανοσωματιδίων επειδή είναι έναςτρόπος για να κατανοήσουμε τη συμπεριφορά τους, ανάλογα με τηνεφαρμογή που προορίζονται για να χρησιμοποιηθούν. Συνδυάζοντας όλεςτις τεχνικές χαρακτηρισμού, μπορούμε να ανακτήσουμε διαφορετικό είδοςπληροφοριών σχετικά με τα νανοσωματίδια. Έτσι, αυτή η ενότηταεπικεντρώνεται κυρίως στη σύνθεση και τις τεχνικές πουχρησιμοποιήθηκαν για το χαρακτηρισμό των μαγνητικών νανοσωματιδίων.Συνεπώς σε αυτό το κεφάλαιο θα εστιαστούμε στην σύνθεση και στιςτεχνικές που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για τον χαρακτηρισμό τους.Στo τρίτο κεφάλαιο θα συζητηθούν οι βιοϊατρικές εφαρμογές τωνμαγνητικών νασωματιδίων τα οποία έχουν συντεθεί σε υδατικό διάλυμα καιέχουν χαρακτηριστεί στην προηγούμενη ενότητα. Τα μαγνητικάνανοσωματίδια οξειδίων του σιδήρου ενθυλακώθηκαν σε βιοσυμβατή καιβιοδιασπώμενη πολυμερική μήτρα με σκοπό την ελαχιστοποίηση τωναρνητικών παρενεργειών στον οργανισμό. Συγκεκριμένα τα μαγνητικάνανοσωματίδια, ενθυλακωμένα σε πολυμερική μήτρα, χαρακτηρίστηκαν μεηλεκτρονική μικροσκοπία διέλευσης, για εν δυνάμει χρήση για τη θεραπείακατά του καρκίνου. Η ενθυλάκωση των μαγνητικών νανοσωματιδίωνεπιβεβαιώθηκε με ηλεκτρονική μικροσκοπία STEM. Η χρήσηφασματογράφου ανάλυσης ενεργειακής διασποράς ακτίνων-X και η EELS χαρτογράφηση, μας έδωσαν τη δυνατότητα να χαρακτηρίσουμε τηνπαρουσία των διαφορετικών στοιχείων. Το μέγεθος των νανοσωματιδίωνδεν ξεπέρασε τα 250 nm. Από το προφίλ αποδέσμευσης μπορούμε νασυμπεράνουμε ότι τα νανοσωματίδια εμφανίζουν ένα διφασικό πρότυποαποδέσμευσης του φαρμάκου in vitro πάνω από 15 ημέρες, εξαρτώμενοαπό τo μοριακό βάρος του υδρόφοβου μέρους της πολυμερικής μήτρας.Το τέταρτο κεφάλαιο αναφέρεται στην ενθυλάκωση μαγνητικώννανοσωματιδίων, με πολυεδρική μορφή, σε βιοσυμβατή καιβιοδιασπώμενη πολυμερική μήτρα με σκοπό των χαρακτηρισμό τωνδομικών και μαγνητικών τους ιδιοτήτων. Η ενθυλάκωση των μαγνητικώννανοσωματιδίων στην πολυμερική μήτρα επιβεβαιώθηκε με τη χρήσηηλεκτρονικής μικροσκοπίας διέλευσης και ηλεκτρονική μικροσκοπίαSTEM. Επίσης η πολυεδρικότητα των νανοσωματιδίων επιβεβαιώθηκε μετη χρήση τομογραφίας στο ηλεκτρονικό μικροσκόπιο. Οι μαγνητικέςμετρήσεις ήταν ικανοποιητικές και έρχονται σε συμφωνία με τα δομικά καιμορφολογικά τους χαρακτηριστικά, τα οποία διατηρούνται ακόμη και μετάτην ενθυλάκωσή τους. Επιπλέον, τα ενθυλακωμένα σε πολυμερική μήτραμαγνητικά νανοσωματίδια μπορεί να κριθούν κατάλληλα για τη χρήση σεβιοϊατρικές εφαρμογές σε θεραπεία υπερθερμίας λόγω της ιδιότητας τουςνα απορροφούν ενέργεια αντί του να εκλύουν θερμότητα μετά από έκθεσήτους σε εξωτερικό εναλλασσόμενο μαγνητικό πεδίο. Τέλος και τοαντικαρκινικό φάρμακο Taxol ενθυλακώθηκε σε αυτά τα νανοσωματίδιακαι μελετήθηκε η ταχύτητα αποδέσμευσης του φαρμάκου στους 37 και42oC.Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο κρύσταλλοι φυσικού ζεόλιθου, τύπου HEU,φορτωμένοι με ιόντα Zn και Ag παρασκευάστηκαν και χαρακτηρίστηκαν.Αρχικά παρασκευάστηκε η ομοϊονική μορφή του ζεολίθου με Na+ ακολουθούμενη από ιοανταλλαγή του Na+ με ιόντa Ag και Zn. H δομή τουφυσικού ζεόλιθου (HEU-τύπου) σε ατομικό επίπεδο καθώς επίσης και οιμέταλλο-μορφές του, μελετήθηκαν χρησιμοποιώντας ηλεκτρονικήμικροσκοπία διέλευσης διορθωμένης από σφάλματα φακών και χαμηλόεπιταχύνον δυναμικό. Χρησιμοποιώντας απεικόνιση υψηλής διακριτκήςικανότητας σε συνθήκες χαμηλών δόσεων ηλεκτρονίων, η τοπικήκρυσταλλική δομή του φυσικού HEU τύπου ζεολίθου χαρακτηρίστηκε γιαπρώτη φορά και μελετήθηκε η αλληλεπίδραση των φυσικών ζεολίθων μεσυσσωματώματα αργύρου και ψευδαργύρου. Με το συνδυασμό τηςηλεκτρονικής μικροσκοπίας διέλευσης με την ηλεκτρονική μικροσκοπίασάρωσης και την περίθλαση ακτίνων-Χ, επιβεβαιώθηκε η παρουσία του Agκαι Zn στη δομή και εν μέρει στην επιφάνεια του ζεολίθου. Οχαρακτηρισμός των φυσικών ζεολίθων με την ηλεκτρονική μικροσκοπίαδιέλευσης είναι εξαιρετικά δύσκολος, λόγω της ευαισθησίας πουπαρουσιάζουν τα υλικά αυτά κάτω από τη δέσμη των ηλεκτρονίων.Ωστόσο, δείξαμε ότι κάτω από συνθήκες χαμηλών δόσεων ηλεκτρονίων, ηηλεκτρονική μικροσκοπία διέλευσης μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για τηναπεικόνιση της αλληλεπίδρασης μεταξύ της δομής των φυσικών ζεολίθωνκαι των φορτωμένων νανοσωματιδίων ή συσσωματωμάτων, σε μιαπληθώρα ευαίσθητων υλικών

Lipid production by Rhodosporidium toruloides from biodiesel-derived glycerol in shake flasks and bioreactor: Impact of initial C/N molar ratio and added onion-peel extract

Rhodosporidium toruloides NRRL Y-27012 grown in glycerol, produced yeast biomass and secondary metabolites as lipids (L) and intra-cellular polysaccharides (IPS) in trials under nitrogen limitation (initial C/N molar ratios ≈ 50, ≈ 100, ≈ 160 and ≈ 240). The initial glycerol (Glol0) concentration for all experiments was ≈ 90 g/L. The yeast demonstrated significant dry cell weight (DCW) production irrespective of the C/N ratio employed, ranging between 19 and 29 g/L. The optimum C/N ratio medium was that of 100 moles/moles, where a DCWmax = 24.5 g/L containing c. 50% w/w of lipids was recorded. Endopolysaccharides presented indeed impressive values (≥ 50% w/w) even at the very early growth steps, while IPS/DCW values decreased as the fermentation proceeded, with simultaneous increase of L/DCW values. Experiments were also conducted in media with a hydroglycerolic extract of onion peels (at 40 mL/L), while a blank experiment (no extract) was also realized. The trial with the added extract was performed under both aseptic (previous sterilization) and non-aseptic (previous thermal treatment at T = 100 °C; 5 min) conditions. The aseptic experiment with the added extract resulted in a relative decrease in lipid production in relation to the control (L=8.6 g/L in the control vs L = 6.2 g/L with the extract). Under non-aseptic conditions, lipid production was slightly lower (L = 5.2 g/L). Finally, the optimum trial in shake flasks was scaled-up in a batch bioreactor, and higher glycerol assimilation rate, and biomass and lipid production occurred compared to the flask trial (final DCW and lipid values ≈27 g/L and 13.5 g/L respectively). Cellular lipids, rich in palmitic and oleic acid, were mainly composed of neutral fractions. Phospholipids were more saturated than the neutral lipids. © 2022 Elsevier Lt