A Conceptual Model of Referee Efficacy

This paper presents a conceptual model of referee efficacy, defines the concept, proposes sources of referee specific efficacy information, and suggests consequences of having high or low referee efficacy. Referee efficacy is defined as the extent to which referees believe they have the capacity to perform successfully in their job. Referee efficacy beliefs are hypothesized to be influenced by mastery experiences, referee knowledge/education, support from significant others, physical/mental preparedness, environmental comfort, and perceived anxiety. In turn, referee efficacy beliefs are hypothesized to influence referee performance, referee stress, athlete rule violations, athlete satisfaction, and co-referee satisfaction

The Effects of Self-Presentation to Engage in Physical Activity

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(5): 263-276, 2019. In order to improve physical activity levels, it has previously been suggested that the use of rewards can potentially have an impact on exercise behavior. One type of reward, the opportunity to present a good impression in the eyes of others (e.g., self-presentation), has not been previously examined in an experimental task. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate if linking an exercise task to a prosocial, self-presentational reward in the form of a charitable giving opportunity influences the amount of effort expended in a single bout of exercise on a stationary cycle. Participants (N = 108) were randomly assigned to one of four different treatment conditions: (a) Private potential health reward (i.e., control group), (b) Private prosocial reward (cycling for a monetary donation to charity), (c) Public self-presentational reward (cycling results posted on social media), and (d) Both public prosocial and self-presentational rewards. In each condition, participants volitionally cycled at a moderate intensity until they chose not to continue. Analyses using current physical activity levels, altruistic personality, impression motivation, and self-presentation in altruistic behavior as covariates showed that participants in the three immediate reward conditions (b, c, and d) cycled longer than those in the control group, and those in the combined rewards group (charity and social media) resulted in longer cycling duration than those who received only one of those rewards. Findings from this study support the possibility that using motivating rewards is positively associated with effort, particularly when charitable rewards are made public

Leader Self-Efficacy of Women Intercollegiate Athletic Administrators: A Look at Barriers and Developmental Antecedents

We tested a range of facilitating and inhibiting antecedents of leader self-efficacy on a large sample of 692 women intercollegiate athletic administrators in National Collegiate Athletic Association registered institutions. Drawing from social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1997), we examined developmental challenges, peer and supervisor feedback and support, family-work conflict, and perceived gender discrimination as antecedents of leader self-efficacy. We also examined mediating roles of leader self-efficacy in career ascendance. Structural equation modeling results show that developmental challenges were indirectly related to career ascendance, as mediated through leader self-efficacy. Developmental challenges, peer and supervisor feedback, and support were positively related to leader selfefficacy, whereas family-work conflict was negatively related to leader self-efficacy. Perceived gender discrimination was not related to leader self-efficacy. These findings identify potential levers through which intercollegiate athletic institutions may support women leaders’ career advancement

Athletes' motivational needs regarding burnout and engagement

This study analyzed the relationships between the basic motivational needs, burnout and engagement in soccer players with the aim of finding an explanation for why these athletes stay engaged or burnout. Participants were 227 male Spanish third division soccer players between the ages of 18 and 32 (M = 23.36; SD = 3.63), who completed questionnaires measuring perceived autonomy, perceived competence and the need for relatedness in order to examine basic motivational needs. Athletes also completed questionnaires to analyze burnout and engagement. Soccer players reported moderate satisfaction of psychological needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness, and low to moderate levels of athlete burnout symptoms of emotional exhaustion, reduced personal accomplishment and depersonalization as well as moderate to low burnout factors in the global assessment. In regards to engagement factors, moderate to high levels were reported for vigor, dedication and absorption. The results of the structural equation model showed positive and negative predictions of the basic psychological needs about engagement and burnout respectively. The need for autonomy is the variable that predicts best the symptoms of the athlete burnout and engagement in Spanish third division soccer players. Finally, the reduced personal fulfillment symptom was the psychological need that best predicted the burnout symptoms.Este estudio analizó la relación entre las necesidades motivacionales básicas, burnout y compromiso en futbolistas con el propósito de encontrar una explicación de por qué los deportistas permanecen comprometidos o se queman. Los participantes fueron 227 futbolistas de la tercera división española, entre 18 y 32 años (M = 23.36; DE = 3.63), los cuales completaron cuestionarios para medir la Autonomía percibida, Competencia percibida y la Necesidad de relacionarse con el fin de examinar las necesidades motivacionales básicas. Los deportistas también completaron cuestionarios para analizar el burnout y el compromiso. Los futbolistas informaron de una moderada satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas para la competencia, la autonomía y la relación y niveles de bajos a moderados en síntomas de burnout como agotamiento emocional, baja realización personal y despersonalización, así como de moderados a bajos en la apreciación global de los factores de burnout. En lo que respecta a los factores de compromiso se informó de niveles de moderados a altos en vigor, dedicación y absorción. Los resultados del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales mostraron predicciones positivas y negativas de las necesidades psicológicas básicas acerca del compromiso y el burnout, respectivamente. La necesidad de autonomía es la variable que predice mejor el síntoma de burnout deportivo y compromiso en futbolistas españoles de tercera división. Por último, los síntomas de reducida realización personal fue la necesidad psicológica que mejor predijo los síntomas de burnout.Este estudo analisou a relação entre as necessidades motivacionais básicas, burnout e compromisso em futebolistas, com o propósito de identificar uma explicação sobre o porquê dos atletas permanecerem comprometidos ou padecerem de burnout. Os participantes foram 227 futebolistas da terceira divisão espanhola, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 32 anos (M = 23.36; DP = 3.63), os quais completaram os questionários para medir a Autonomia percebida, Competência percebida e a Necessidade de se relacionar, visando examinar as necessidades motivacionais básicas. Os atletas completaram também questionários para analisar o burnout e o compromisso. Os futebolistas revelaram uma moderada satisfação das necessidades psicológicas para a competência, autonomia e relação, bem como níveis baixos e moderados na apreciação global dos factores de burnout. No que concerne aos factores de compromisso, verificaram-se níveis moderados e altos relativamente ao vigor, dedicação e envolvimento. Os resultados do modelo de equações estruturais revelaram predições positivas e negativas das necessidades psicológicas básicas acerca do compromisso e do burnout, respectivamente. A necessidade de autonomia é a variável que prediz melhor o sintoma de burnout desportivo e o compromisso em futebolistas espanhóis da terceira divisão. Por último, a reduzida realização pessoal foi a necessidade psicológica que melhor predizeu os sintomas de burnout

Development and Validation of a Risk Score for Chronic Kidney Disease in HIV Infection Using Prospective Cohort Data from the D:A:D Study

Ristola M. on työryhmien DAD Study Grp ; Royal Free Hosp Clin Cohort ; INSIGHT Study Grp ; SMART Study Grp ; ESPRIT Study Grp jäsen.Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health issue for HIV-positive individuals, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Development and implementation of a risk score model for CKD would allow comparison of the risks and benefits of adding potentially nephrotoxic antiretrovirals to a treatment regimen and would identify those at greatest risk of CKD. The aims of this study were to develop a simple, externally validated, and widely applicable long-term risk score model for CKD in HIV-positive individuals that can guide decision making in clinical practice. Methods and Findings A total of 17,954 HIV-positive individuals from the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study with >= 3 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values after 1 January 2004 were included. Baseline was defined as the first eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 after 1 January 2004; individuals with exposure to tenofovir, atazanavir, atazanavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, other boosted protease inhibitors before baseline were excluded. CKD was defined as confirmed (>3 mo apart) eGFR In the D:A:D study, 641 individuals developed CKD during 103,185 person-years of follow-up (PYFU; incidence 6.2/1,000 PYFU, 95% CI 5.7-6.7; median follow-up 6.1 y, range 0.3-9.1 y). Older age, intravenous drug use, hepatitis C coinfection, lower baseline eGFR, female gender, lower CD4 count nadir, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) predicted CKD. The adjusted incidence rate ratios of these nine categorical variables were scaled and summed to create the risk score. The median risk score at baseline was -2 (interquartile range -4 to 2). There was a 1: 393 chance of developing CKD in the next 5 y in the low risk group (risk score = 5, 505 events), respectively. Number needed to harm (NNTH) at 5 y when starting unboosted atazanavir or lopinavir/ritonavir among those with a low risk score was 1,702 (95% CI 1,166-3,367); NNTH was 202 (95% CI 159-278) and 21 (95% CI 19-23), respectively, for those with a medium and high risk score. NNTH was 739 (95% CI 506-1462), 88 (95% CI 69-121), and 9 (95% CI 8-10) for those with a low, medium, and high risk score, respectively, starting tenofovir, atazanavir/ritonavir, or another boosted protease inhibitor. The Royal Free Hospital Clinic Cohort included 2,548 individuals, of whom 94 individuals developed CKD (3.7%) during 18,376 PYFU (median follow-up 7.4 y, range 0.3-12.7 y). Of 2,013 individuals included from the SMART/ESPRIT control arms, 32 individuals developed CKD (1.6%) during 8,452 PYFU (median follow-up 4.1 y, range 0.6-8.1 y). External validation showed that the risk score predicted well in these cohorts. Limitations of this study included limited data on race and no information on proteinuria. Conclusions Both traditional and HIV-related risk factors were predictive of CKD. These factors were used to develop a risk score for CKD in HIV infection, externally validated, that has direct clinical relevance for patients and clinicians to weigh the benefits of certain antiretrovirals against the risk of CKD and to identify those at greatest risk of CKD.Peer reviewe

Silence is Golden: Effect of Encouragement in Motivating the Weak Link in an Online Exercise Video Game

Background: Despite the physical and mental health benefits, few adults meet US Department of Health and Human Services physical activity guidelines for exercise frequency, intensity, and duration. One strategy that may increase physical activity duration is exercising with an Internet partner (ie, someone who is virtually present, as in video chat). Internet partners help people overcome many barriers associated with face-to-face exercise groups (eg, time, coordinating schedules, social physique anxiety). Past research examining individual performance in groups suggests that an increase in effort occurs when performing a task conjunctively, ie, when a participant is (1) less capable than fellow group members, and (2) participants efforts are particularly indispensable for group success (ie, where the group’s potential productivity is equal to the productivity of its least capable member). This boost in effort is more commonly known as the Köhler effect, named after the German psychologist who first observed the effect. While encouragement between group members is common practice in face-to-face group exercise, the effect of encouragement between partners exercising conjunctively across the Internet is unknown. Objective: To examine the impact of exercising alone, compared to exercising conjunctively with an Internet partner, both with and without encouragement, on exercise persistence (primary outcomes) and secondary psychosocial outcomes (self-efficacy, enjoyment, exercise intention). Methods: Participants were recruited online and face-to-face from the campus of Michigan State University. With the assistance of the experimenter, participants (n=115) played an exercise video game in a laboratory, performing a series of five abdominal plank exercises where they were asked to hold the plank for as long as possible (Time 1). They were then randomized to a condition (Individual, Partner-without-encouragement, or Partner-with-encouragement), where they performed the exercises again (Time 2). The impact of condition on the primary outcome measures and secondary outcome measures were evaluated using a 2 (Gender) x 3 (Condition) ANOVA on change scores (Time 2-Time 1). Results: Those who exercised in online teams (n=80) exercised significantly longer (time=78.8s, P<.001) than those who worked individually (n=35). However, exercise duration was shorter when one’s more capable partner gave verbal encouragement (n=55) than when s/he did not (n=25) (a mean difference of 31.14s). These increases in effort were not accompanied by altered task self-efficacy, enjoyment of the task, or intention to exercise in the future. Conclusions: Exercising conjunctively with an Internet partner can boost one’s duration of exercise. However, encouragement from the stronger to the weaker member can mitigate these gains, especially if one perceives such comments being directed at someone other than themselves. To boost exercise duration, Internet-based physical activity interventions involving group interaction should make relative abilities of participants known and communication clear

“…been down so long…”: perpetual vs. intermittent inferiority and the Köhler group motivation gain in exercise groups

Prior research has documented the Köhler motivation gain effect-- working with a more capable partner at a task that makes one’s performance indispensible for the group can boost task motivation. Recent research has shown that the Köhler effect can boost one’s persistence exercising in groups, but that always being the group’s “weak link” can eventually undermine these motivation gains. An experiment is reported which contrasts having a partner that is more capable on all/both exercise tasks with one that is more capable on the focal task, but inferior on the second task. The Köhler effect on the focal task was replicated and unmoderated by the uniformity of the partner’s exercise superiority. Implications for further research and application are discussed