Hines, Annie Duncan (Hines), 1873-1951 (SC 3716)

Finding aid only for Manuscripts Small Collection 3716. Recipe book of Annie Duncan Hines, Bowling Green, Kentucky

Effects of Supramaximal Anderson Quarter-squats as a Potentiating Stimulus on Discus Performance in Division I Throwers: A Pilot Study

International Journal of Exercise Science 17(6): 99-114, 2024. No study has assessed supramaximal (over 100% 1RM) back squat variations as a potentiating stimulus in collegiate throwers. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a supramaximal Anderson (bottom-up) quarter squat potentiating stimulus would improve discus throw performance in Division I throwers compared to a dynamic warm-up alone. Nine NCAA division I thrower athletes (age: 20.1±1.4 years; 1RM back squat/body weight: 2.5±0.4 kg) randomly completed two sessions separated by at least 72 hours. One session involved a standardized dynamic warm-up alone (DyWU) followed by three trials of maximal discus throwing. The other session involved a dynamic warm-up with a supramaximal (105% 1RM) Anderson (bottom-up) quarter-squat set of 5 repetitions post activation performance enhancement stimulus (DyWU+PAPE) followed by three trials of maximal discus throwing. A two-way (warm-up strategy x time) ANOVA with repeated measures for each time point was used, with significance set at p\u3c 0.05. There were no significant (p\u3e 0.05) differences between DyWU alone versus DyWU+PAPE stimulus for discus throw distances at either 8 min. (31.7±5.6 vs 30.6±6.5 meters, respectively; d = -0.18), 11 min. (33.4±3.6 vs 31.3±4.7 meters, respectively; d = -0.52), or 14 min. post warm-up (34.1±3.9 vs 32.3±5.3 meters, respectively; d = -0.40). Compared to a dynamic warm-up alone, supramaximal Anderson quarter-squats following a dynamic warm-up had trivial/small to moderate detrimental effects on discus throw performance between 8-14 minutes post stimuli in Division I trained throwers, likely due to excess fatigue/PAPE inhibition

Salivary C-Reactive Protein and Cortisol Analysis in Collegiate Female Lacrosse Athletes during a 2-Game Week

Cortisol (CORT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are two indicators of stress and are linked to tissue inflammation and illness. Increased stress and inflammation have been shown to decrease cognitive functioning, leading to diminished performance for athletes. Subjectively, athletes indicate fluctuations in stress, but few studies have assessed the physiological response of training and competition in elite female athletes. PURPOSE: The primary aim was to assess the acute response of CORT and CRP in Division I female lacrosse athletes during a high-stress week, including two games and three practices during the competitive season. The secondary aim was to assess the relationships between the evening measures of CORT and CRP with objective workload measures. METHODS: Saliva samples were collected from the 14 Division I female lacrosse players each morning and evening over the course of a week during competition season. Days 2, 4, and 5 consisted of afternoon/evening (PM) practices lasting approximately two hours, with days 3 and 6 consisting of PM games. Day 1 was a resistance training day and day 7 was a rest day. Workload was measured using wearable global positioning system (GPS) units. Variables included were total distance (m), high-intensity distance (m, \u3e60% max sprint speed), sprints (count, \u3e90% max sprint speed), accelerations (count, \u3e3 m/s2), decelerations (count, \u3e3 m/s2), and sprint distance (m. \u3e 90% max sprint speed) RESULTS: CORT levels increased after the first game (0.36 ± 0.54 µg/dl) and peaked on the morning of Day 5 (1.03 ±0.08 µg/dl). The two significantly low CORT readings were observed in the morning on Day 3 (0.051±0.068 µg/dl) and on Day 4 PM (0.36 ± 0.48 µg/dl) (approximately 24 hours post-game collection, low workload day). Significantly higher salivary CORT concentrations were measured in the morning on Days 1 (0.61 ± 0.46 µg/dl), 5 (1.03 ±0.08 µg/dl), and 6 (0.76 ± 0.60 µg/dl). CRP levels fluctuated during the sampling period without a clear relationship to the game days. Significantly lower CRP salivary concentrations were seen in the morning on Day 5 (5.15 ± 4.03 pg/ml), and significantly higher CRP salivary concentrations on Days 2 (9.88 ± 2.83 pg/ml) and 3 PM (9.37 ± 3.72 pg/ml) (post-game, high workload). Repeated measures Pearson correlation analyses indicated trivial to low correlations between CORT and workload (r = 0.028 to 0.201, p = 0.167 to 0.847) and low correlations between CRP and workload (r = 0.182 to 0.274, p = .051 to 0.102). CONCLUSION: CRP and cortisol levels fluctuated greatly on a day-to-day basis. CRP tended to have a more direct response to load, with higher values directly after games. CORT values were less predictable in relation to workload and may therefore be affected by other factors such as academic load or the athlete’s personal life. Future research should consider the role of travel and academic load and their effects on CORT and CRP in a student athlete

Fatigue in Isometric Exercise

The quadricep muscles are important for maintaining balance. As these muscles fatigue, it becomes more difficult to maintain the proper body position resulting in shifts in center of pressure. The wall sit exercise places substantial load on the quadricep muscles, which are important for maintaining balance. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine how fatigue affects the of center of pressure during a 45 second wall sit exercise. It was hypothesized that fatigue would increase over time, causing the center of pressure to shift. METHODS: Nine healthy adults, ages 18-25, and all right foot dominant, performed a 45 second wall sit while standing on a Kinvent® Force Plate. The wall sit required the subjects to stand with their back against a wall, feet shoulder-width apart, and lower their body until their thighs were parallel to the ground. Center of pressure data was collected during the first 10 seconds and last 10 seconds of the exercise using a Kinvent ® Force Plate. RESULTS: The average center of pressure for the first 10 seconds was 47.95% on the left foot and 52.04% on the right foot cumulatively. For the last 10 seconds, the values were 49.74% on the left foot and 50.25% right foot. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study found that center of pressure shifts during a 45 second wall sit exercise, providing evidence that fatigue negatively impacts balance control during submaximal isometric muscle contractions. Further research is needed to determine the mechanisms behind this effect and how it may impact injury risk. Implementing balance training alongside strengthening exercises could help improve motor control and joint stability when muscles are fatigued

Characterization of Physical and Cognitive Performance and Hydration in Older Adults

In younger adults, dehydration has been shown to impair physical and cognitive performance. Older adults are habitually hypohydrated alongside experiencing physical and cognitive performance deficits. Despite these deficits, the link between these factors remains unexplored. Purpose: To examine the effect of hydration status on physical and cognitive performance in older adults. Methods: Sixteen (5 men and 11 women) community-dwelling adults (74±7yr; 78.2±15.0kg; 161±11cm) completed measurements of hydration status (urine specific gravity [USG], urine color), bioelectrical impedance analysis (lean mass, fat mass, total body fluid, intracellular to extracellular fluid ratio [ICF: ECF]), blood pressure, physical performance (handgrip strength test, sit-to-stand test, and a timed-up-and-go test), and reaction time (Flanker task). Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed on the distance matrix of USG and urine color to group participants. One-way ANOVAs were performed to determine differences among groups. Results: Hierarchical cluster analysis assigned participants to 4 groups (group1, n=3; group2, n=4; group3, n=5; group4,n=4). Consistent with the cluster analysis, each group had significantly (p1: 1.0±0.0, group2: 2.3±0.3, group3: 4.2±0.4, group4, 6.0±0.0). In addition, the reaction time was significantly different among groups. For group1, compatible and incompatible tasks (compatible: 1116±71.7s, p=0.049; incompatible: 1205±13.4ms, p=0.042) had a longer response time compared to group2(compatible: 640±67.5ms; incompatible: 688±74.0ms), group3 (compatible: 725±67.4ms; incompatible: 796±174.2ms), and group4 (compatible: 731±139.8ms; incompatible: 782±122.7ms). No significant differences were observed for lean mass, fat mass, total body fluid, ICF:ECF, blood pressure, handgrip strength, sit-to-stand test, and time-up-and-go test. Conclusion: Despite grouping by USG and urine color, no relationship was observed between body composition and physical performance. Surprisingly, hydrated individuals performed poorly cognitively compared to less hydrated individuals. We suggest these differences may reflect varying individual cognitive functions, not hydration status, among free-living older adults

Analyzing Sex Differences and the Dose-Response Relationship Between Aerobic Exercise and Cognitive Processing Speed in Young Active Adults

Available research has identified a positive relationship between 10 minutes of aerobic exercise and improvements in cognitive processing speed (CPS) in young adults, although participant activity level was unclear Additionally, research indicates possible sex differences concerning exercise and CPS, defined as the rate in which human beings take in information and generate a response. PURPOSE: To investigate the potential effects of aerobic exercise bout length on cognitive processing speed in active adults. A secondary aim was to explore differences in CPS and aerobic exercise bout length between sexes. METHODS: Male (n=6) and female (n=6) participants who were classified as physically active based on ACSM guidelines participated in aerobic exercise sessions of different bout lengths (15, 20, and 25 minutes) in a balanced cross-over design. When participants arrived for the three testing trials, they first completed a computerized Symbol Search test. This matching test lasts two minutes and provides a score based on how many matches they answer correctly. Next, the exercise treatment consisted of a 5-minute warm-up, followed by a moderate intensity walk or jog on the treadmill (approximately 50-59% of Heart Rate reserve), and ending with a 5-minute cooldown. Participants then remained seated for ten minutes to allow for their heart rate to return to a resting state. Once in the resting state participants were administered the symbol search test again to determine if there were any changes in CPS following an exercise bout. All treatment sessions were performed at least 24 hours apart. Exercise bout length (T15, T20, T25) and time (pre-/post- exercise) were compared between sexes (M, F) using an ANOVA (1 between, 2 within) α=0.05. RESULTS: The main effects for bout length (p=0.849) and sex (p=0.232), bout length x sex interaction (p=0.563), bout length x time interaction (p=0.491), and bout length x time x sex interaction (p=0.956) were not significant. However, the main effect for time was significant (p=0.0001) where CPS was faster post-exercise (50+9) than pre-exercise (45+9) when pooled across bout length and sex. Also, there was a significant time x sex interaction (p=0.009) where, when pooled across bout length, there was greater CPS improvement from pre- to post-exercise in the males (Pre 46+8, Post 53+8) than in the females (Pre 43+11, Post 46+9). CONCLUSION: Active individuals experience improvements in CPS following an exercise bout. We did not find any significant distinction between bout lengths, indicating that active individuals do not require a specific exercise dose time to elicit improvements in CPS. However, male participants had a statistically significant increase in their processing speed assessment (pre-/post- exercise) compared to the females. This suggests that females may require additional exercise bouts or alternate exercise forms to experience similar improvements as the male participants

Effect of Height on Power Output During Sprint Stair Running

Anaerobic power can be measured by the Margaria-Kalamen Power test , which requires individuals to sprint up 12 stair-steps while striding three stair-steps (MK3) at a time which is challenging for shorter individuals. PURPOSE: to determine if there is a difference in the power output during the MK3 and a modified test requiring only 2 steps per stride (MK2) in males and females who were shorter than 168 cm (ST) and those who were 168 cm or taller (TL). METHODS: All participants performed 3 tests in random order. A modified Wingate test lasting 5s (WG5) against a resistance equal to 7.5% body mass on electronically braked cycle ergometer (Velotron) was performed as a control trial to determine anaerobic power. All participants also performed the MK3 and the MK2. Participants sprinted six meters on flat ground and then ascended a staircase as fast as possible. Participants took 4 strides to climb 12 stair steps during the MK3. Participants took 4 strides to climb 8 stair steps during the MK2. The time to climb from stair step 3 to 9 during the MK3, and from stair step 2-6 during the MK2, was determined by using the average of two times. One investigator was located at the bottom of the stairs and the other investigator was at the top of the stairs using handheld stopwatches. A 2 (height) x 3 (trial) repeated measures ANOVA was performed to determine significant differences. The criterion reference for significant differences was set at p\u3c0.05. RESULTS: Participants in the ST group were 62.2±10.8 kg, and 161.4±5.6 cm tall, and participants in the TL group were 82.1±7.2 kg, and 175.1±9.0 cm tall. Absolute power (MK3 1499±262 vs 938±190W; MK2 1239±138 vs 802±142W; WG5 1007±103 vs 645±150W) and relative power (MK3 18.2±2.3 vs 15.2±2.8W/kg; MK2 15.1±.8 vs 12.9±1.1W/kg; WG5 12.5±.5 vs 10.3±1.2W/kg) were significantly greater (p\u3c.05) in TL compared to SL in each test. In both TL and ST groups for absolute power and relative power, there were significant differences (p\u3c.05) between all three tests (MK3\u3eMK2\u3eWG5). CONCLUSION: Taller individuals may be able to produce more power, both absolute and relative, than shorter individuals during sprint stair running. Absolute and relative power produced during stair running may be greater than power output during the first 5 s of a Wingate test

Children\u27s Gait Kinematics Footwear Stiffness

At a young age, children are exceptionally plastic and can adapt well to changes in their environment. One particular environmental factor that is often overlooked is children’s footwear. Children are subjected to many different types of footwear at a prime age of development. Different types of footwear can have a range of stiffnesses, potentially influencing the way that children walk. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate what effect varying footwear stiffnesses had on children’s gait kinematics. METHODS: Eleven healthy children between the ages of 4-6 participated in this study (Age = 4.8 ± .8 years, ht = 44.1 ± 3.8 in, wt = 47.1 ± 13.4 lbs). The children walked barefoot and in three separate footwear conditions (moccasin, minimalist, and rigid), on an instrumented treadmill for 3-minutes while motion capture data was captured. Gait kinematics, including range of motion (ROM) and peak joint angle velocities of the ankle, knee, and hip, were computed using Visual3D and custom Matlab software from the motion capture marker trajectories. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine any differences between the dependent variables for the conditions with LSD post hoc analysis conducted if necessary. (p = .05). RESULTS: There was a significant main effect for the knee flexion velocity, knee extension velocity, hip flexion velocity, and for hip extension velocity (p \u3e .05). Specifically for knee flexion velocity, the barefoot condition was significantly less than the minimalist and rigid shoe conditions (p \u3c .05) but not different from the moccasin. There was a gradual significant decrease by stiffness for the footwear conditions for knee extension velocity, with barefoot exhibiting the greatest velocity and rigid footwear having the least (p \u3c .05). Interestingly, there was the exact opposite effect for hip flexion velocity, with a steady increase from barefoot to rigid with the barefoot being significantly less than both the minimalist and rigid shoe conditions (p \u3c .05). Hip extension velocity was also significantly less in the barefoot condition compared to the rigid condition (p \u3c .05) though no other conditions were significantly different (p \u3e .05). CONCLUSION: Varying degrees of footwear stiffness had a substantial impact on children’s gait kinematics. Specifically, both the minimalist and rigid footwear conditions elicited the greatest differences compared to the barefoot conditions. However, there did not appear to be a difference between the moccasin and barefoot conditions. Future research should be conducted to further understand the potential negative impacts footwear has on the development of gait in children and if perhaps, shoes that truly mimic barefoot gait, such as moccasins, should be more regularly used