Facteurs déterminant la répartition et l'abondance des chauves-souris dans les espaces verts de l'Île de Montréal à différentes échelles spatiales

Les phénomènes de perte, d'altération et de fragmentation de l'habitat dus aux activités anthropiques contribuent fortement à réduire les populations de chauves-souris à travers le monde. Le manque de connaissances, associé au fait que le territoire du Québec se situe à la limite nordique de la distribution des espèces, a favorisé l'inscription de quatre des huit espèces de chauves-souris du Québec sur la liste des espèces susceptibles d'être désignées comme menacées ou vulnérables. L'étude de Côté fut la première à relater les interactions entre les diverses espèces présentes sur le territoire et leur habitat d'alimentation. Les résultats laissaient présager des différences de patrons d'abondance spécifique au sein des habitats urbains, comparativement aux milieux ruraux et forestiers. Bien que les processus d'urbanisation aient globalement pour effet d'accentuer la perte des sites d'alimentation et des gîtes de repos diurnes, certaines espèces mieux acclimatées sont abondamment retrouvées en milieu urbanisé. L'objectif de cette étude était donc de déterminer l'influence des modifications apportées par l'urbanisation sur le choix des sites d'alimentation des espèces de chauves-souris présentes sur l'île de Montréal, et ce, à différentes échelles spatiales. L'intérêt étant de déterminer si la présence et l'abondance des espèces sont davantage reliées à un gradient d'urbanisation à l'échelle du paysage, ou si les facteurs d'habitat à une échelle plus locale ont un effet plus important. Dans l'optique de déterminer l'abondance des espèces présentes en milieu urbain, nous avons circulé dès la tombée de la nuit jusqu'à environ minuit à travers une série de 24 espaces verts, de tailles et d'aménagements variés, et avec ou sans la présence de plans d'eau. Trois points d'écoute, répartis dans chaque espace vert, ont permis l'enregistrement des signaux d'écholocation perçus, durant 15 minutes par point d'écoute. Cette opération fut réitérée chaque nuit, du 15 juin au 30 juillet 2006, jusqu'à l'obtention de trois nuits d'écoutes par espace vert. Un prélèvement de plusieurs variables d'habitat comprises dans un rayon variant de 0,1 km à 2 km autour de chaque point d'échantillonnage fut réalisé sur le terrain et grâce à l'appui d'un système d'information géographique. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les espèces Eptesicus fuscus et Myotis spp sont les plus abondamment retrouvées sur l'île de Montréal. Le genre Myotis et l'espèce Pipistrellus subflavus sont principalement rencontrées dans les habitats présentant une surface boisée importante à proximité de la Rivière des Prairies. Les espèces Eptesicus fuscus, Lasiurus cinereus et Lasionycteris noctivagans paraissent moins sélectives, leur répartition étant beaucoup plus uniforme sur l'ensemble de l'île. Globalement, les zones de l'île de Montréal les moins affectées par le développement urbain présentent une activité de chasse plus importante et les facteurs d'habitat à l'échelle locale semblent également avoir une influence prépondérante dans le choix des sites d'alimentation des chauves-souris. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Chauves-souris, Milieu urbain, Habitat d'alimentation, Échelle locale, Paysage, Quantité d'habitat, SIG

Periplasmic protein thiol:disulfide oxidoreductases of Escherichia coli

Disulfide bond formation is part of the folding pathway for many periplasmic and outer membrane proteins that contain structural disulfide bonds. In Escherichia coli, a broad variety of periplasmic protein thiol:disulfide oxidoreductases have been identified in recent years, which substantially contribute to this pathway. Like the well-known cytoplasmic thioredoxins and glutaredoxins, these periplasmic protein thiol:disulfide oxidoreductases contain the conserved C-X-X-C motif in their active site. Most of them have a domain that displays the thioredoxin-like fold. In contrast to the cytoplasmic system, which consists exclusively of reducing proteins, the periplasmic oxidoreductases have either an oxidising, a reducing or an isomerisation activity. Apart from understanding their physiological role, it is of interest to learn how these proteins interact with their target molecules and how they are recycled as electron donors or acceptors. This review reflects the recently made efforts to elucidate the sources of oxidising and reducing power in the periplasm as well as the different properties of certain periplasmic protein thiol:disulfide oxidoreductases of E. col

Sélection de l'habitat diurne des chauves-souris dans un contexte d'aménagements sylvicoles en forêt boréale

Jusqu’à présent, l’écologie des chauves-souris en forêt boréale n’était pas étudiée au Québec. La petite chauve-souris brune (Myotis lucifugus) et la chauve-souris nordique (Myotis septentrionalis) nichent dans des arbres en été et pourraient être affectées par les aménagements sylvicoles en forêt boréale. Mon premier objectif était de trouver dans la littérature les principales variables impliquées dans la sélection des arbres gîtes des chauves-souris cavicoles. Mon second objectif était de trouver les variables impliquées dans la sélection des arbres gîtes des espèces du genre Myotis en forêt boréale aménagée. Mon troisième objectif était de déterminer la proportion et la répartition spatiale des habitats diurnes potentiels à travers la partie méridionale du massif des Laurentides. Ma synthèse quantitative se base sur 34 études réalisées en Amérique du Nord. Le diamètre des arbres apparaissait comme étant un élément clé à considérer dans la sélection des arbres gîtes des chauves-souris cavicoles, particulièrement à des latitudes nordiques. J’ai suivi par télémétrie 22 chauves-souris mâles capturées dans différents secteurs de la forêt Montmorency (Québec, Canada). J’ai comparé les arbres et les peuplements sélectionnés par les chauves-souris à des points aléatoires pour évaluer la sélection des arbres gîtes. Les chicots avec un stade intermédiaire de détérioration étaient principalement sélectionnés. Le diamètre et la hauteur des arbres, l’ouverture de la canopée et la densité de chicots étaient les variables les plus importantes à considérer dans la sapinière (Abies balsamea) à bouleau blanc (Betula papyrifera) de l’Est-du-Québec. J’ai utilisé ces résultats pour générer des cartes d’habitat diurne potentiel des espèces du genre Myotis à travers la partie méridionale du massif des Laurentides. Les sommets avaient un moindre potentiel pour les chauves-souris du genre Myotis. La sapinière à bouleau blanc apparaissait plus propice pour la chauve-souris nordique, comparée à la petite chauve-souris brune. Favoriser ou maintenir des arbres de gros diamètre et des îlots de végétation de 0,1 hectare comprenant un minimum de 10 chicots devrait préserver les arbres gîtes des espèces du genre Myotis en forêt boréale aménagée du Québec. Augmenter la proportion de parcelles résiduelles surannées permettrait de préserver les habitats diurnes potentiels des chauves-souris du genre Myotis à travers la partie méridionale du massif des Laurentides.Until now, the ecology of bats in boreal forest was not studied in Quebec. Little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) and northern long-eared bats (Myotis septentrionalis) roost in trees during summer and might be affected by logging in boreal forest. My first objective was to find in the literature the main variables implicated in roost selection by cavity-roosting bats in North America. My second objective was to find the variables implicated in roost selection by Myotis species in a managed boreal forest. My third objective was to determine the spatial distribution and proportion of potential roosting habitats over the southern part of the Laurentian Highlands. My quantitative synthesis was based on 34 studies performed in North America. Tree diameter appeared to be a key element to consider in roost selection by cavity-roosting bats in North America, especially in Nordic latitudes. I monitored by telemetry 22 male bats captured in various sectors of the Montmorency forest (Quebec, Canada). I compared trees and stands selected by bats to random points to evaluate roost selection. Snags with an intermediate decay stage were mainly selected. Tree diameter and tree height, canopy opening and snag density were the most important variables to consider in the eastern balsam fir (Abies balsamea)-paper birch (Betula papyrifera) forest of Quebec. I used these results to generate roosting habitat suitability maps of Myotis species over the southern part of the Laurentian Highlands. Summits seemed to have a low potential for Myotis species. The balsam fir-white birch forest appeared more suitable for the northern long-eared bat, compared to the little brown bat. Promoting or maintaining large diameter trees and vegetation clusters of 0.1 hectares containing a minimum of 10 snags should preserve roosts of Myotis species in the managed boreal forest of Quebec. Increase the proportion of residual patches of old-growth forest should preserve suitable roosting habitats for Myotis species over the southern part of the Laurentian Highlands

Selection of roosting habitat by male Myotis bats in a boreal forest

Male little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus (Le Conte, 1831)) and northern long-eared bats (Myotis septentrionalis (Trouessart, 1897)) often roost under exfoliating bark, within trunks, and within cavities of trees during summer. Current lack of knowledge about the roosting ecology of these species in boreal forest limits our understanding of how they may be affected by logging. The main objective was to identify tree and forest stand features that were selected by bats for roosting within a balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) – paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall) forest of Quebec, Canada. Over 3 years, we captured and fitted radio transmitters to 22 individual bats to locate their roost trees for 7–14 days following release. We measured tree and forest stand features in the field and using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology. Roost trees were compared with random trees using generalized linear mixed models. Male Myotis bats selected larger and taller snags, within stands containing a higher proportion of canopy gaps and a larger number of snags compared with random trees. Vegetation clumps of 0.1 ha containing a minimum of 10 snags with a diameter at breast height (DBH) = 10 cm should be maintained to preserve roosting habitat that is used by male Myotis bats in balsam fir – paper birch forests.Les petites chauves-souris brune (Myotis lucifugus (Le Conte, 1831)) et les chauves-souris nordique (Myotis septentrionalis (Trouessart, 1897)) se perchent souvent sous l’écorce exfoliante, a` l’intérieur des troncs et des cavités d’arbres durant l’été. Le manque actuel de connaissances sur l’écologie de perchage de ces espèces dans la forêt boréale limite notre compréhension sur la façon dont elles peuvent être affectées par l’exploitation forestière. L’objectif principal était d’identifier les caractéristiques des arbres et des peuplements forestiers qui étaient sélectionnés par les chauves-souris pour se percher au sein de la sapinière (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) a` boulot blanc (Betula papyrifera Marshall) du Québec (Canada). Durant 3 ans, nous avons capturé et équipé 22 chauves-souris de radio-émetteurs pour localiser leurs arbres-gîtes durant 7 a` 14 jours après relâche. Nous avons mesuré les caractéristiques des arbres et du peuplement sur le terrain et en utilisant la technologie LiDAR (light detection and ranging). Les arbres-gites ont été comparés a` des arbres aléatoires en utilisant des modèles mixtes linéaires généralisés. Les chauves-souris mâles du genre Myotis ont choisi des chicots plus larges et plus hauts au sein de peuplements contenant une plus grande proportion de trouées et un plus grand nombre de chicots, comparativement aux arbres aléatoires. Des parcelles de végétation de 0,1 ha comprenant un minimum de 10 chicots avec un diamètre a` hauteur de poitrine (DHP) = 10 cmdevraient être maintenues afin de préserver les sites de perchages des chauves-souris mâles du genre Myotis au sein des sapinières a` bouleau blanc

Providing packages of relevant ATM information: An ontology-based approach

ATM information providers publish reports and notifications of different types using standardized information exchange models. For a typical information user, e.g., an aircraft pilot, only a fraction of the published information is relevant for a particular task. Filtering out irrelevant information from different information sources is in itself a challenging task, yet it is only a first step in providing relevant information, the challenges concerning maintenance, auditability, availability, integration, comprehensibility, and traceability. This paper presents the Semantic Container approach, which employs ontology-based faceted information filtering and allows for the packaging of filtered information and associated metadata in semantic containers, thus facilitating reuse of filtered information at different levels. The paper formally defines an abstract model of ontology-based information filtering and the structure of semantic containers, their composition, versioning, discovery, and replicated physical allocation. The paper further discusses different usage scenarios, the role of semantic containers in SWIM, an architecture for a semantic container management system, as well as a proof-of-concept prototype. Finally the paper discusses a blockchain-based notary service to realize tamper-proof version histories for semantic containers.acceptedVersio

Crystallization and preliminary diffraction studies of native and selenomethionine CcmG (CycY, DsbE)

t Disulfide-bond (Dsb) proteins are a family of redox proteins containing a Cys-X-X-Cys motif. They are essential for disulfide-bond exchange in the bacterial periplasm and are necessary for the correct folding and function of many secreted proteins. CcmG (DsbE) is a reducing Dsb protein required for cytochrome c maturation. Crystals of Bradyrhizobium japonicum CcmG have been obtained that diffract X-rays to 1.14 Angstrom resolution. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 35.1, b = 48.2, c = 90.2 Angstrom. Selenomethionine CcmG was expressed without using a methionine auxotroph or methionine-pathway inhibition and was purified without reducing agents

The Trypanosoma cruzi enzyme TcGPXI is a glycosomal peroxidase and can be linked to trypanothione reduction by glutathione or tryparedoxin.

Trypanosoma cruzi glutathione-dependent peroxidase I (TcGPXI) can reduce fatty acid, phospholipid, and short chain organic hydroperoxides utilizing a novel redox cycle in which enzyme activity is linked to the reduction of trypanothione, a parasite-specific thiol, by glutathione. Here we show that TcGPXI activity can also be linked to trypanothione reduction by an alternative pathway involving the thioredoxin-like protein tryparedoxin. The presence of this new pathway was first detected using dialyzed soluble fractions of parasite extract. Tryparedoxin was identified as the intermediate molecule following purification, sequence analysis, antibody studies, and reconstitution of the redox cycle in vitro. The system can be readily saturated by trypanothione, the rate-limiting step being the interaction of trypanothione with the tryparedoxin. Both tryparedoxin and TcGPXI operate by a ping-pong mechanism. Overexpression of TcGPXI in transfected parasites confers increased resistance to exogenous hydroperoxides. TcGPXI contains a carboxyl-terminal tripeptide (ARI) that could act as a targeting signal for the glycosome, a kinetoplastid-specific organelle. Using immunofluorescence, tagged fluorescent proteins, and biochemical fractionation, we have demonstrated that TcGPXI is localized to both the glycosome and the cytosol. The ability of TcGPXI to use alternative electron donors may reflect their availability at the corresponding subcellular sites

Structure and function of the bacterial heterodimeric ABC transporter CydDC: stimulation of ATPase activity by thiol and heme compounds.

In Escherichia coli, the biogenesis of both cytochrome bd-type quinol oxidases and periplasmic cytochromes requires the ATP-binding cassette-type cysteine/GSH transporter, CydDC. Recombinant CydDC was purified as a heterodimer and found to be an active ATPase both in soluble form with detergent and when reconstituted into a lipid environment. Two-dimensional crystals of CydDC were analyzed by electron cryomicroscopy, and the protein was shown to be made up of two non-identical domains corresponding to the putative CydD and CydC subunits, with dimensions characteristic of other ATP-binding cassette transporters. CydDC binds heme b. Detergent-solubilized CydDC appears to adopt at least two structural states, each associated with a characteristic level of bound heme. The purified protein in detergent showed a weak basal ATPase activity (approximately 100 nmol Pi/min/mg) that was stimulated ∼3-fold by various thiol compounds, suggesting that CydDC could act as a thiol transporter. The presence of heme (either intrinsic or added in the form of hemin) led to a further enhancement of thiol-stimulated ATPase activity, although a large excess of heme inhibited activity. Similar responses of the ATPase activity were observed with CydDC reconstituted into E. coli lipids. These results suggest that heme may have a regulatory role in CydDC-mediated transmembrane thiol transport

Impact of weather cues and resource dynamics on mast occurrence in the main forest tree species in Europe

Mast seeding, the synchronised occurrence of large amounts of fruits and seeds at irregular intervals, is a reproductive strategy in many wind-pollinated species. Although a series of studies have investigated mast year (MY) patterns in European forest tree species at the regional scale, there are few recent evaluations at a European scale on the impact of weather variables (weather cues) and resource dynamics on mast behaviour. Thus the main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of specific weather conditions, as environmental drivers for MYs, on resources in Fagus sylvatica L., Quercus petraea (Matt.)Liebl., Quercus robur L., Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Pinus sylvestris L. at a European level and to explore the robustness of the relationships in smaller regions within Europe. Data on seed production originating from the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests) were analysed. Three beta regression models were applied to investigate the impact of seasonal weather variables on MY occurrence, as well as the influence of fruiting intensity levels in the years prior to MYs. Resource dynamics are analysed at three different spatial scales (continent, countries and ecoregions). At a European scale, important weather cues for beech MYs were a cold and wet summer two years before a MY, a dry and warm summer one year before a MY and a warm spring in the MY. For spruce, a cold and dry summer two years prior to a MY and a warm and dry summer in the year before the MY showed the strongest associations with the MY. For oak, high spring temperature in the MY was the most important weather cue. For beech and spruce, and to some extent also for oak species, the best fitting models at European scale were well reflected by those found at smaller scales. For pine, best fitting models were highly diverse concerning weather cues. Fruiting levels were high in all species two years before the MY and also high one year before the MY in the oak species and in pine. In beech, fruiting levels one year before the MY were not important and in spruce, they were inconsistent depending on the region. As a consequence, evidence of resource depletion could only be seen in some regions for spruce.publishedVersio

A New Family of Membrane Electron Transporters and Its Substrates, Including a New Cell Envelope Peroxiredoxin, Reveal a Broadened Reductive Capacity of the Oxidative Bacterial Cell Envelope

The Escherichia coli membrane protein DsbD functions as an electron hub that dispatches electrons received from the cytoplasmic thioredoxin system to periplasmic oxidoreductases involved in protein disulfide isomerization, cytochrome c biogenesis, and sulfenic acid reduction. Here, we describe a new class of DsbD proteins, named ScsB, whose members are found in proteobacteria and Chlamydia. ScsB has a domain organization similar to that of DsbD, but its amino-terminal domain differs significantly. In DsbD, this domain directly interacts with substrates to reduce them, which suggests that ScsB acts on a different array of substrates. Using Caulobacter crescentus as a model organism, we searched for the substrates of ScsB. We discovered that ScsB provides electrons to the first peroxide reduction pathway identified in the bacterial cell envelope. The reduction pathway comprises a thioredoxin-like protein, TlpA, and a peroxiredoxin, PprX. We show that PprX is a thiol-dependent peroxidase that efficiently reduces both hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides. Moreover, we identified two additional proteins that depend on ScsB for reduction, a peroxiredoxin-like protein, PrxL, and a novel protein disulfide isomerase, ScsC. Altogether, our results reveal that the array of proteins involved in reductive pathways in the oxidative cell envelope is significantly broader than was previously thought. Moreover, the identification of a new periplasmic peroxiredoxin indicates that in some bacteria, it is important to directly scavenge peroxides in the cell envelope even before they reach the cytoplasm