333 research outputs found
Dynamical Boson Stars
The idea of stable, localized bundles of energy has strong appeal as a model
for particles. In the 1950s John Wheeler envisioned such bundles as smooth
configurations of electromagnetic energy that he called {\em geons}, but none
were found. Instead, particle-like solutions were found in the late 1960s with
the addition of a scalar field, and these were given the name {\em boson
stars}. Since then, boson stars find use in a wide variety of models as sources
of dark matter, as black hole mimickers, in simple models of binary systems,
and as a tool in finding black holes in higher dimensions with only a single
killing vector. We discuss important varieties of boson stars, their dynamic
properties, and some of their uses, concentrating on recent efforts.Comment: 79 pages, 25 figures, invited review for Living Reviews in
Relativity; major revision in 201
Climate change and outdoor regional living plant collections: an example from mainland Portugal
Original PaperClimate change threatens not only plant species occurring naturally, but also
impacts on regional living plant collections, which play an important role in ex situ
conservation strategies. In the last few years, several global circulation models have been
used to predict different global climate change scenarios. Due to their coarse resolutions,
and while more detailed regional approaches are not available, downscaling techniques
have been proposed, as a very simple first approach to increase detail. We analysed seven
sites on mainland Portugal with potential for species conservation (four botanic gardens
and three universities), in the light of downscaled climate change scenarios, using an
environmental envelope approach and a predefined bioclimatic neighbourhood for each
site. Thresholds for the bioclimatic neighbourhood were based on Rivas-MartıŽnezâs Bioclimatic
Classification of the Earth. For each site, the expected geographical shift of its
original bioclimatic neighbourhood (1950â2000) was mapped for 2020, 2050 and 2080.
Analysing those shifts enabled us to delineate knowledge-transfer paths between sites,
according to the analysed scenarios. We concluded that, according to the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change A2 scenario, all considered sites will be outside the
predefined bioclimatic neighbourhood by 2080, while according to the B2 scenario all of
them will be inside that neighbourhood, although sometimes marginally so. Therefore, the
implementation of global sustainability measures as considered in the B2 scenario family
can be of great importance in order to delay significantly the impacts of climate change,
giving extra time for the adaptation of the outdoor regional living plant collectionsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
A revision of the status of Lepadogaster lepadogaster (Teleostei : Gobiesocidae): sympatric subspecies or a long misunderstood blend of species?
Molecular (partial mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA sequences), morphological and meristic analysis of Lepadogaster lepadogaster lepadogaster, L. l. purpurea and L. zebrina were performed to investigate the relationships between these taxa. On the western shore of mainland Portugal, where the two subspecies of L. lepadogaster occur sympatrically, they differ in microhabitat preferences and their breeding seasons are largely out of phase. This information, combined with data on distribution patterns, led to the following conclusions: Lepadogaster l. purpurea is considered to be a valid species, L. purpurea (Bonnaterre, 1788), different from L. l. lepadogaster, now designated L. lepadogaster (Bonnaterre, 1788). L. zebrina was found to be a synonym of L. lepadogaster. The two newly defined species were found to be in sympatry at Madeira and the Canary islands, the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula, and the Mediterranean at least as far as Genoa (Italy). Diagnostic characters and a list of synonyms are provided. (C) 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 76, 327-338
Observation of associated near-side and away-side long-range correlations in âsNN=5.02ââTeV proton-lead collisions with the ATLAS detector
Two-particle correlations in relative azimuthal angle (ÎÏ) and pseudorapidity (Îη) are measured in âsNN=5.02ââTeV p+Pb collisions using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurements are performed using approximately 1ââÎŒb-1 of data as a function of transverse momentum (pT) and the transverse energy (ÎŁETPb) summed over 3.1<η<4.9 in the direction of the Pb beam. The correlation function, constructed from charged particles, exhibits a long-range (2<|Îη|<5) ânear-sideâ (ÎÏâŒ0) correlation that grows rapidly with increasing ÎŁETPb. A long-range âaway-sideâ (ÎÏâŒÏ) correlation, obtained by subtracting the expected contributions from recoiling dijets and other sources estimated using events with small ÎŁETPb, is found to match the near-side correlation in magnitude, shape (in Îη and ÎÏ) and ÎŁETPb dependence. The resultant ÎÏ correlation is approximately symmetric about Ï/2, and is consistent with a dominant cosâĄ2ÎÏ modulation for all ÎŁETPb ranges and particle pT
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