Prepotent Response Inhibition and Interference Control in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Two Meta-Analyses

Search String Advanced > Saved Searches > ARTICLE TOOLS Get PDF (432K) Save to My Profile E-mail Link to this Article Export Citation for this Article Get Citation Alerts Request Permissions More Sharing ServicesShare|Share on citeulikeShare on facebookShare on deliciousShare on www.mendeley.comShare on twitter Abstract Article References Cited By View Full Article (HTML) Enhanced Article (HTML) Get PDF (432K) UvA-linker Full Text Keywords: ASD; autism; inhibition; interference; cognitive control; meta-analysis There is a substantial amount of data providing evidence for, but also against the hypothesis that individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) encounter inhibitory control deficits. ASD is often associated with interference control deficits rather than prepotent response inhibition. Moreover, the developmental trajectory for these inhibitory control processes is hypothesized to differ in ASD as compared to typical development. In efforts to gain a more comprehensive perspective of inhibition in ASD, separate quantitative analysis for prepotent response inhibition studies and interference control studies were conducted. Together, these two meta-analyses included 41 studies with a combined sample size of 1,091 people with ASD (M age 14.8 years), and 1,306 typically developing (TD) controls (M age 13.8 years).The meta-analyses indicated that individuals with ASD show increased difficulties in prepotent response inhibition (effect size 0.55) and in interference control (effect size 0.31). In addition, age was a relevant moderator for prepotent response inhibition but not for interference control. Exploratory analyses revealed that when IQ was taken into account, heterogeneity considerably decreased among interference control studies but not among prepotent response inhibition. In contrast to the general belief, both prepotent response inhibition and interference control problems were observed in individuals with ASD. However, a large variation between studies was also found. Therefore, there remain factors beyond inhibition type, age, or IQ that significantly influence inhibitory control performance among individuals with ASD

Behavioural and Developmental Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Clinical Systematic Review

Background: Much controversy exists regarding the clinical efficacy of behavioural and developmental interventions for improving the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We conducted a systematic review to summarize the evidence on the effectiveness of behavioural and developmental interventions for ASD. Methods and Findings: Comprehensive searches were conducted in 22 electronic databases through May 2007. Further information was obtained through hand searching journals, searching reference lists, databases of theses and dissertations, and contacting experts in the field. Experimental and observational analytic studies were included if they were written in English and reported the efficacy of any behavioural or developmental intervention for individuals with ASD. Two independent reviewers made the final study selection, extracted data, and reached consensus on study quality. Results were summarized descriptively and, where possible, meta-analyses of the study results were conducted. One-hundred-and-one studies at predominantly high risk of bias that reported inconsistent results across various interventions were included in the review. Meta-analyses of three controlled clinical trials showed that Lovaas treatment was superior to special education on measures of adaptive behaviour, communication and interaction, comprehensive language, daily living skills, expressive language, overall intellectual functioning and socialization. High-intensity Lovaas was superior to low-intensity Lovaas on measures of intellectual functioning in two retrospective cohort studies. Pooling the results of two randomized controlle

Books in general,

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Response to letter regarding article, "Effect of Celecoxib on Cardiovascular Events and Blood Pressure in Two Trials for the Prevention of Colorectal Adenomas"

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Perioperative all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Comparison with unaffected controls and persons with diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with an increased cardiovascular (CV) burden similar to that of diabetes mellitus (DM). This risk may warrant pre-operative CV assessment as is performed for patients with DM. We aimed to determine if the risk of perioperative mortality and CV events among patients with RA differed from those of unaffected patients and those with DM. METHODS: We used 1998 to 2002 Nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost Utilization Project (HCUP-NIS) data to identify elective hospitalizations of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Surgical procedures were categorized as low risk, intermediate risk, and high risk of CV events using established guidelines. Logistic models provided the adjusted odds of study endpoints in RA, DM, or both relative to neither condition. RESULTS: Among 7,756,570 patients with a low risk, intermediate risk, or high risk non-cardiac procedure, 2.34%, 0.51%, and 2.12% had a composite CV event, respectively, and death occurred in 1.47%, 0.50%, 2.59% respectively. Among those with an intermediate risk procedure, death was less likely in RA than DM patients (0.30% vs. 0.65%; p <0.001), but the difference in mortality among those with low risk or high risk procedures was not significant. Patients with RA were less likely to have a CV event than patients with DM with procedures of low risk (3.38% vs. 5.30%; p <0.001) and intermediate risk (0.34% vs. 1.07%; p <0.001). In adjusted models, RA was not independently associated with an increased risk of perioperative mortality or CV event. CONCLUSIONS: RA was not associated with adverse perioperative CV or mortality risk, suggesting a lack of need for a change from current perioperative clinical care

Calibrating parametric subject-specific risk estimation

For modern evidence-based medicine, decisions on disease prevention or management strategies are often guided by a risk index system. For each individual, the system uses his/her baseline information to estimate the risk of experiencing a future disease-related clinical event. Such a risk scoring scheme is usually derived from an overly simplified parametric model. To validate a model-based procedure, one may perform a standard global evaluation via, for instance, a receiver operating characteristic analysis. In this article, we propose a method to calibrate the risk index system at a subject level. Specifically, we developed point and interval estimation procedures for t-year mortality rates conditional on the estimated parametric risk score. The proposals are illustrated with a dataset from a large clinical trial with post-myocardial infarction patients. Copyright 2010, Oxford University Press.