Traffic into silence: endomembranes and post-transcriptional RNA silencing.

microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are small RNAs that repress gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in plants and animals. Small RNAs guide Argonaute-containing RNA-induced silencing complexes to target RNAs in a sequence-specific manner, resulting in mRNA deadenylation followed by exonucleolytic decay, mRNA endonucleolytic cleavage, or translational inhibition. Although our knowledge of small RNA biogenesis, turnover, and mechanisms of action has dramatically expanded in the past decade, the subcellular location of small RNA-mediated RNA silencing still needs to be defined. In contrast to the prevalent presumption that RNA silencing occurs in the cytosol, emerging evidence reveals connections between the endomembrane system and small RNA activities in plants and animals. Here, we summarize the work that uncovered this link between small RNAs and endomembrane compartments and present an overview of the involvement of the endomembrane system in various aspects of RNA silencing. We propose that the endomembrane system is an integral component of RNA silencing that has been long overlooked and predict that a marriage between cell biology and RNA biology holds the key to a full understanding of post-transcriptional gene regulation by small RNAs

Holder Shadowing on Finite Intervals

For any $\theta, \omega > 1/2$ we prove that, if any $d$-pseudotrajectory of length $\sim 1/d^{\omega}$ of a diffeomorphism $f\in C^2$ can be $d^{\theta}$-shadowed by an exact trajectory, then $f$ is structurally stable. Previously it was conjectured by Hammel-Grebogi-Yorke that for $\theta = \omega = 1/2$ this property holds for a wide class of non-uniformly hyperbolic diffeomorphisms. In the proof we introduce the notion of sublinear growth property for inhomogenious linear equations and prove that it implies exponential dichotomy.Comment: 19 pages. Minor change

Talking through walls: mechanisms of lateral root emergence in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Lateral roots are formed postembryonically and determine the final shape of the root system, a determinant of the plants ability to uptake nutrients and water. The lateral root primordia are initiated deep into the main root and to protrude out the primary root they have to grow through three cell layers. Recent findings have revealed that these layers are not merely a passive physical obstacle to the emergence of the lateral root but have an active role in its formation. Here, we review examples of communication between the lateral root primordium and the surrounding tissues, highlighting the importance of auxin-mediated growth coordination as well as cell and tissue mechanics for the morphogenesis of lateral roots

Single-cell-based system to monitor carrier driven cellular auxin homeostasis

Background: Abundance and distribution of the plant hormone auxin play important roles in plant development. Besides other metabolic processes, various auxin carriers control the cellular level of active auxin and, hence, are major regulators of cellular auxin homeostasis. Despite the developmental importance of auxin transporters, a simple medium-to-high throughput approach to assess carrier activities is still missing. Here we show that carrier driven depletion of cellular auxin correlates with reduced nuclear auxin signaling in tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cell cultures. Results: We developed an easy to use transient single-cell-based system to detect carrier activity. We use the relative changes in signaling output of the auxin responsive promoter element DR5 to indirectly visualize auxin carrier activity. The feasibility of the transient approach was demonstrated by pharmacological and genetic interference with auxin signaling and transport. As a proof of concept, we provide visual evidence that the prominent auxin transport proteins PIN-FORMED (PIN) 2 and PIN5 regulate cellular auxin homeostasis at the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), respectively. Our data suggest that PIN2 and PIN5 have different sensitivities to the auxin transport inhibitor 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). Also the putative PIN-LIKES (PILS) auxin carrier activity at the ER is insensitive to NPA in our system, indicating that NPA blocks intercellular, but not intracellular auxin transport. Conclusions: This single-cell-based system is a useful tool by which the activity of putative auxin carriers, such as PINs, PILS and WALLS ARE THIN1 (WAT1), can be indirectly visualized in a medium-to-high throughput manner. Moreover, our single cell system might be useful to investigate also other hormonal signaling pathways, such as cytokinin

Killing the Patient to Cure the Disease: Medicare\u27s Jurisdictional Bar Does Not Apply to Bankruptcy Courts

The Social Security Act requires an exhaustion of administrative remedies prior to judicial review through 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g) & (h). A hospital\u27s appeal from a claim of overpayment by the government can take years, forcing hospital closure due to a lack of continued Medicare payments. Historically, some bankruptcy courts, looking to legislative history, have found that they lack jurisdiction over Medicare claims prior to the exhaustion of administrative remedies. However, in In re Bayou Shores, SNF, LLC and In re Nurses\u27 Registry and Home Health Corp., the bankruptcy court found that under the plain language of § 405(h) it did have jurisdiction of Medicare claims. This Article argues that courts should continue to adopt a plain language interpretation of § 405(h), which is consistent with the purpose of the Code

Kepuasan Pasien Rawat Jalan Terhadap Layanan Kefarmasian Di Instalasi Farmasi RSUD Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai

Telah dilakukan Kajian tentang kepuasan pasien rawat jalan terhadap layanan kefarmasian di instalasi farmasi RSUD Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai. Responden adalah pasien rawat jalan, yang berusia 18 tahun keatas dan sudah pernah mendapatkan rawat jalan sebelumnya, dan jumlah data sampel berjumlah 117 orang pasien. Dengan membagikan kuesioner kepada 117 orang pasien/responden dan pertanyaan dalam kuesioner sebanyak 20 item. Kuesioner ini telah terlebih dahulu dilakukan uji Validasi dan Reabilititas sebelum disebarkan ke pasien. Hasil uji validitas dan reabilitas adalah : r table 0,632 dan Alpha Crombach 0,899, Nilai rata- rata jawaban responden : 3,36. Kata kunci: Kajian, Pelayanan kepuasan pasien, Kefarmasian farmasi rumah saki

Poly-extremophiles: exploring the limits of habitability

Brevibacterium linens AE038-8 is an arsenic hyper-tolerant bacterial strain, previously isolated from well water in Tucumán, Argentina. The aim of this study is to investigate the resistance of this strain to different stress factors relevant for astrobiology studies. We found that B. linens AE038-8 is capable of tolerating high concentrations of heavy metals such as Cd(II), Cr(VI) and Cu(II), and a range of temperatures from 10 to 30°C. It is also able to grow in the range of pH values from 3 to 11, and when grown in the presence of NaCl, it can tolerate concentrations up to 5 M. We also study the ability of the strain to grow under combined stress conditions. In particular, we found that it is able to grow under high NaCl concentrations and low pH, conditions relevant to the habitability of brines in Mars.Fil: Maizel, Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Alche, Laura Edith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Biológica; ArgentinaFil: Mauas, Pablo Jacobo David. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; Argentin

El rol del navegador/a en el Programa de Prevención y Detección Temprana del Cáncer Colorrectal en Argentina

Este es un trabajo de sistematización de una experiencia/práctica de comunicación y salud, en este caso se tomó el rol del navegador/a del Programa Nacional de Prevención y Detección Temprana del Cáncer Colorrectal (PNCCR) que depende del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer (INC). En Argentina es reciente el rol del navegador en programas de prevención de cáncer, en este programa en particular se incorpora desde el año 2014, hay antecedentes de estudios sobre navegación de pacientes en otros países, pero existe poca información o antecedentes sobre el tema en nuestro país. La navegación de pacientes consiste principalmente en el seguimiento y acompañamiento de los pacientes durante el circuito de atención poniéndose en contacto con él/ella o sus familiares y con los efectores de salud que participan en el proceso facilitando así la accesibilidad al sistema y al cuidado de su salud. Esta estrategia tiene el objetivo de garantizar el derecho al acceso a la salud de los ciudadanos y promueve una atención humana y de calidad. Además. la información obtenida por el navegador/a de cada provincia se refleja en SITAM (Sistema de Información de Tamizaje) en donde se puede ver el estado de cada paciente. Para la recolección de información la principal técnica que se utilizó fue la entrevista ya que permitió un acercamiento a los actores principales y a sus testimonios, el objetivo era conocer las opiniones y experiencias de los navegadores del programa sobre distintos aspectos de la navegación, para lo cual se dividieron las preguntas en cuatro ejes temáticos: el rol del navegador en el programa, la navegación de pacientes, el vínculo del navegador con los servicios de salud, el uso de SITAM y otras herramientas de trabajo. Por otro lado, se utilizaron fuentes de información secundaria como encuestas realizadas a navegadores y registradores del programa en el marco de un encuentro nacional, sumado a datos obtenidos en SITAM en la sección “navegadoras” y comentarios realizados en foros de un curso virtual sobre comunicación y cáncer dictado por el INC y dirigido a navegadores del programa.Facultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Socia