Potato hydroponical production in different concentrations of nutrient solution and growing seasons

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a eficiência fotossintética e a produção hidropônica de minitubérculos de batata, em função das concentrações da solução nutritiva e das épocas de cultivo. O experimento foi conduzido em telado, em sistema hidropônico fechado com areia como substrato, durante os cultivos de outono e primavera de 2005. As concentrações da solução nutritiva de 0,5, 1, 1,5, 2 e 2,5 dS m-1 constituíram os tratamentos, dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Foram determinados: a massa de matéria seca total da parte aérea e de tubérculos; a massa de matéria fresca e o número de tubérculos; a eficiência fotossintética e os índices de área foliar e de colheita. A diluição da concentração da solução nutritiva pode ser utilizada em sistema hidropônico fechado, com areia como substrato, sem prejuízos para a produção de tubérculos. A eficiência fotossintética atinge maiores valores no plantio de primavera e depende da concentração da solução nutritiva.The objectives of this work were to evaluate photosynthetic efficiency and hydroponic production of potato minitubers, in different concentrations of nutrient solution and growing seasons. The experiment was carried out inside a screenhouse, in a closed hydroponic system with sand as growing media, during fall and spring of 2005. The nutrient solution concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 dS m-1 were compared as treatments, in a completely randomized experimental design, with three replications. Total, shoot and tuber dry mass, tuber fresh weight and number, photosynthetic efficiency and indexes of leaf area and harvest were determined. Tuber yield is not affected by reducing nutrient solution concentration in a closed hydroponic system, with sand as growing media. Photosynthetic efficiency is maximized during spring growing season and depends upon nutrient solution concentration

Produtividade e Qualidade de Tubérculo de Clones de Batata

Potato crop in Brazil depends upon European cultivars, which arenot well adapted to the growing conditions and require high amount ofagrochemicals. The objective of this work was to evaluate yield and tuberquality of potato clones to identify clones with processing potential as newcultivars and progenitors in the breeding program. The experiment wascarried out at experimental field of the Department of Fitotecnia, FederalUniversity of Santa Maria, during three growing seasons. The evaluatedclones were SMIC148-A, SMID040-4RY, SMIH095-4, SMIJ319-1,SMIJ461-1, SMIJ456-4Y, SMINIA793101-3 and the check cultivar Asterix.The experimental design was random blocks with four replications. Theclone SMINIA793101-3 had the highest tuber yield and tubers per hill,but specific gravity and chip color were unacceptable for processing. Theclones SMIC148-A, SMIJ456-4Y and SMIJ461-1 had yield similar to thecultivar Asterix; however they had higher tuber quality than the cultivarAsterix and the clone SMINIA793101-3. Any evaluated clone shared highyield and processing quality.A cultura da batata no Brasil é caracterizada pela dependência decultivares de origem européia, não adaptadas as condições de cultivo e queexigem grandes quantidades de agroquímicos. O objetivo deste trabalhofoi avaliar a produtividade e qualidade de tubérculo de clones de batata,visando identificar clones com potencial de processamento industrial, paraserem utilizados como novas cultivares e genitores no programa de melhoramento.O experimento foi conduzido durante três safras, em campo experimentaldo Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de SantaMaria. Foram avaliados os clones SMIC148-A, SMID040-4RY, SMIH095-4, SMIJ319-1, SMIJ461-1, SMIJ456-4Y, SMINIA793101-3 e a cultivarAsterix como testemunha. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocosao acaso, com quatro repetições. O clone SMINIA793101-3 apresentou amaior produtividade de tubérculos e o maior número de tubérculos porcova, porém apresentou gravidade específica e coloração dos chips inaceitáveispela indústria de processamento. Os clones SMIC148-A, SMIJ456-4Y e SMIJ461-1 apresentaram produtividade similar à da cultivar Asterix,porém superaram em qualidade de tubérculo a cultivar Asterix e o cloneSMINIA793101-3. Nenhum dos clones avaliados apresentou alta produtividadee qualidade de tubérculo

LEAF MORPHO-ANATHOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FIVE POTATO CLONES

Host genetic resistance against pathogens and insects can bedirectly associated with leaf morpho-anathomical characteristics. The aimwas to study leaf morph-anatomical characteristics of five potato (Solanumspp.) clones differing in ploidy level and genetic background. The epidermisand mesophyll were characterized and stomata and trichome frequenciesdetermined in both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of plant main leaflets. Therewere no evident differences in cuticle thickness and epidermis compositionamong evaluated clones. Clones of S. microdontum Bitter and SMII had apalisade parenchyma with uniform, long and compact arranged cellscompared to other clones. There were no morphological differencesbetween stomata subsidiary and other epidermal cells. The S. microdontumclone showed the highest frequency of stomata, on the abaxial surface, andtrichomes, on both leaflet surfaces. Differences in stomata and trichomefrequencies among clones need to be accessed to find possible relationshipwith disease and/or pest resistance.Host genetic resistance against pathogens and insects can bedirectly associated with leaf morpho-anathomical characteristics. The aimwas to study leaf morph-anatomical characteristics of five potato (Solanumspp.) clones differing in ploidy level and genetic background. The epidermisand mesophyll were characterized and stomata and trichome frequenciesdetermined in both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of plant main leaflets. Therewere no evident differences in cuticle thickness and epidermis compositionamong evaluated clones. Clones of S. microdontum Bitter and SMII had apalisade parenchyma with uniform, long and compact arranged cellscompared to other clones. There were no morphological differencesbetween stomata subsidiary and other epidermal cells. The S. microdontumclone showed the highest frequency of stomata, on the abaxial surface, andtrichomes, on both leaflet surfaces. Differences in stomata and trichomefrequencies among clones need to be accessed to find possible relationshipwith disease and/or pest resistance.Key words: Solanum tuberosum, foliar anatomy, stomata and trichomefrequencies, resistance breeding

The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions. LBNE is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, high-intensity neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a near neutrino detector just downstream of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in Lead, South Dakota, is approximately 1,300 km from the neutrino source at Fermilab -- a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions. With its exceptional combination of experimental configuration, technical capabilities, and potential for transformative discoveries, LBNE promises to be a vital facility for the field of particle physics worldwide, providing physicists from around the globe with opportunities to collaborate in a twenty to thirty year program of exciting science. In this document we provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess.Comment: Major update of previous version. This is the reference document for LBNE science program and current status. Chapters 1, 3, and 9 provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess. 288 pages, 116 figure

Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land to ocean

A substantial amount of the atmospheric carbon taken up on land through photosynthesis and chemical weathering is transported laterally along the aquatic continuum from upland terrestrial ecosystems to the ocean. So far, global carbon budget estimates have implicitly assumed that the transformation and lateral transport of carbon along this aquatic continuum has remained unchanged since pre-industrial times. A synthesis of published work reveals the magnitude of present-day lateral carbon fluxes from land to ocean, and the extent to which human activities have altered these fluxes. We show that anthropogenic perturbation may have increased the flux of carbon to inland waters by as much as 1.0 Pg C yr-1 since pre-industrial times, mainly owing to enhanced carbon export from soils. Most of this additional carbon input to upstream rivers is either emitted back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (~0.4 Pg C yr-1) or sequestered in sediments (~0.5 Pg C yr-1) along the continuum of freshwater bodies, estuaries and coastal waters, leaving only a perturbation carbon input of ~0.1 Pg C yr-1 to the open ocean. According to our analysis, terrestrial ecosystems store ~0.9 Pg C yr-1 at present, which is in agreement with results from forest inventories but significantly differs from the figure of 1.5 Pg C yr-1 previously estimated when ignoring changes in lateral carbon fluxes. We suggest that carbon fluxes along the land–ocean aquatic continuum need to be included in global carbon dioxide budgets.Peer reviewe

The Genome of Anopheles darlingi, the main neotropical malaria vector

Anopheles darlingi is the principal neotropical malaria vector, responsible for more than a million cases of malaria per year on the American continent. Anopheles darlingi diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ∼100 million years ago (mya) and successfully adapted to the New World environment. Here we present an annotated reference A. darlingi genome, sequenced from a wild population of males and females collected in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 10 481 predicted protein-coding genes were annotated, 72% of which have their closest counterpart in Anopheles gambiae and 21% have highest similarity with other mosquito species. In spite of a long period of divergent evolution, conserved gene synteny was observed between A. darlingi and A. gambiae. More than 10 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and short indels with potential use as genetic markers were identified. Transposable elements correspond to 2.3% of the A. darlingi genome. Genes associated with hematophagy, immunity and insecticide resistance, directly involved in vectorhuman and vectorparasite interactions, were identified and discussed. This study represents the first effort to sequence the genome of a neotropical malaria vector, and opens a new window through which we can contemplate the evolutionary history of anopheline mosquitoes. It also provides valuable information that may lead to novel strategies to reduce malaria transmission on the South American continent. The A. darlingi genome is accessible at www.labinfo.lncc.br/index.php/anopheles- darlingi. © 2013 The Author(s)

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials