Infant Feeding Practice and Associated Factors of HIV Positive Mothers Attending Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission and Antiretroviral Therapy Clinics in Shashemene Referal Hospital

Background: - HIV/AIDS remains one of the greatest burdens in the world today. In Sub-Saharan Africa, with a prevalence of HIV infection were 5.0%, still accounts for over two thirds (68%) of infections. Without intervention to prevent mother-to-child transmission, 30-45% of infants born to HIV-positive mothers in developing countries become infected during pregnancy, delivery and breastfeeding.Objective:-To assess infant feeding practice and associated factors of HIV positive mothers attending prevention of mother to child transmission and antiretroviral therapy clinics in Shashemene Referral Hospital.Methods: Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2016 to April 2016, in Shashemene Referral Hospital.  The study participants were selected by using simple random sampling computer generated technique. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors.Result: - The mean age the respondents were 29.73 years, of which 79.5% were from urban residence.The proportion of infant feeding practice among population was determined which revealed that 96.6% were EBF followed by ERF 4(2.7%) with independent predictors of favorable attitude (AOR = 22.173 (95%CI = 1.643-299.194), good NVP adherence for baby (AOR = 26.917 (95%CI = 2.102-344.69) were independent predictors of recommended way of infant feeding practice (EBF) for the first six months.Out of total study respondents about 56.8% with 95% CI of (49.3- 64.4%) had good knowledge towards infant feeding practice with identified factors of favorable attitude (AOR = 10.95 (95%CI = 3.855-31.118), duration of stay with partner (AOR = 7.078 (95%CI = 2.140-23.46), educational status of  the mother (AOR= 14.421 (95%CI = 2.515-82.708) and primary source of information on infant feeding from Health care provider (AOR= 63.69(95%CI = 4.194-967.37) and mass media ( AOR= 5.811 (1.348-25.091) were identified factors  demonstrated greater likelihoods of had good knowledge among the study participants. This determined that the rate of HIV exposed infants positivity was 6(4.1%) at six weeks and 8(5.5%) at 18 months by rapid antibody test.Conclusion and recommendation: - The proportion of exclusive breast feeding, good knowledge and favorable attitude among HIV positive mothers revealed that 96.3%, 56.8% and 75% respectively in the study area.The rate HIV positive of HIV exposed infants were 6(4.1%) at six weeks by dry blood spot (DBS) and 8(5.5%) at 18 months by rapid antibody test. This study identified that different factors contributed for having good knowledge and practice of exclusive breast feeding among the study population. Therefore, these factors would be emphatically considered during development of infants feeding program by policy makers and health planners. Keywords: Infant feeding practice, HIV-positive mothers, PMTCT, ART Shashemene Referral Hospital

Intimate Partner Violence against Married Women and Associated Factors in Gedo Town, Oromia, Ethiopia

Background: Violence against women is worldwide public health problem. The problem of domestic violence in developing countries started surfacing in the last decade. However, lack of data from these countries still curtails a full understanding of the issues, and the magnitude and potential impacts it has on the life of women affected by domestic violence. The aim of this study was to assess intimate partner violence against married women in Gedo town, West Showa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Results:  The mean age of the study participants were 30.58yrs with SD±7.01years and the majority of ethnicity were Oromo 285(86.9%).  This study revealed that 27.6% of married women had faced physical violence with independent predictors of age (21-0(AOR=11.874), have no formal education (AOR=10.53) & attended grade 1-8th(AOR=15.31),abduction(AOR=6.67), faced psychological violence(AOR=7.74), family size less than four (AOR=29.84) and living with her  mother/father(AOR=12.99), while 31.0% were faced psychological violence with  significantly associated of Educational level(have no formal education(AOR=3.52),age of first marriage(<16)(AOR=5.31), smoking tobacco(AOR=8.58), partner chew chat (AOR=2.12), Faced physically violence(AOR=5) and finally 21.7% were experienced sexual violence with independent predictors of educational(9-11thgrade)(AOR=8.1),marriage(family supported (AOR=2.98), marital length(6-10yrs)(AOR=3.29), person live in the same HH(no one live)(AOR=3.71), smoker (AOR=19.1), Faced psychological violence (AOR= 2.37)respectively. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study design with quantitative data collection methods were employed from April 5 to April 15/2015. The study participants were selected by using simple random sampling computer generated technique. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors. The results were presented by using tables, figures and narratives Conclusion: This study determined that the prevalence of Intimate partner violence against married women and associated factors which revealed that the proportion of IPVAWs had faced one violence from the three types of violence were 102(31.3%) with 95% CI of (25.8%-36.2%), of which 56(17.2%) with 95% CI of (12.9%-21.8%) were faced two from three types of violence among this population. The overall overlapped of all three types of violence of IPVAW was 16(4.9%) with 95% CI (2.8%-7.4%) among married women in Gedo town. Finally this study identified sociodemographic and Household Related Factors associated with Intimate partner violence against married women. Therefore, these factors would be emphatically considered during development of women health and family guidance by police makers in collaboration with others responsible bodies. Keywords:-Intimate partner violence against married women, Gedo Town, Oromia, Ethiopi

Knowledge and Practice of Antenatalcare Attendant Mothers Towards Iodized Salt Utilization and Associated Factorsin Ambo Town Public Health Facilities, Oromia, Ethiopia

Background: Globally iodized salt deficiency affects more than 2.2 billion peoples and the effect is severe when occurs in pregnant women. Different reasons contribute for insufficient iodized salt utilization in population. Even though knowledge and practice of iodized salt utilization has paramount contribution in improving iodized salt utilization among pregnant mothers. To assess the knowledge and practice of iodized salt utilization and associated factors among ANC follower pregnant women at Public Health Facilities, Ambo Town. Results The complete response rate of the study was 240(93.02%). Almost all of 97.1% are Oromo in Ethnicity and 53.8% were housewives and only 29.6% were attending college and university in Educational status. This study determined knowledge and practice of pregnant women towards iodized salt utilization which revealed that 65.6% have had good knowledge towards iodized salt utilization with factors educational level, ever heard iodized salt and  occupation were significantly associated with knowledge of mothers about iodized salt utilization. Out of total study respondents 3/4th of pregnant women had good practice of Iodized salt utilization with independent predictor of family income, being educated and occupation status respectively.   Methods Institution based cross sectional study design was employed on total of 240 pregnant women was enrolled in the study. Data were collected using interviewer administered questionnaire and was entered and analysed using statistical package for social science version 20. Binary and multiple logistic regression analysis were carried utilized to identify significant association at p-value of less than 0.05 that was considered as significant association.   Conclusion This study determined knowledge and practice of pregnant women towards iodized salt utilization which revealed low and high compared to previous studies respectively. This study identified that factors contributed to knowledge and practice of pregnant women towards iodized salt utilization. Therefore, police makers and health planner would be better to reconsider these factors affecting iodized salt utilization practice and knowledge pregnant mothers while developing guidelines and Health education programs for this population.

Involvement of Male in Antenatal Care, Birth Preparedness and Complication Readinessand Associated Factors in Ambo Town, Ethiopia

Background:- Men  are not only act as decision-makers for women and children’s access to health services, but also through abuse or neglect, men’s actions can have a direct bearing on the health of their female partners and children. A husband at antenatal clinic is rare in many communities and it is unthinkable to find men accompanying with their partners during ANC and delivery. Objective: - To determined Involvement of male in antenatal care, birth preparedness and complication readiness and associated factors in Ambo Town Oromia, Ethiopia Methods: - A community based cross-sectional study design was employed from May 1st to May28th, 2015. The study participants were selected by using simple random sampling computer generated technique. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors. Result:-The mean age of study participant was 31.93 ± 7.12 years, range from17 to 60 years old and ethnic group almost all 319 (85.3%) were Oromo  and  90.4% were had formal education. The prevalence of male involvement in Antenatal care was 59.9% with 95%CI [54.8% to 64.4%) with independent predictors of educated male, governmental employed, helped on domestic work and ever attended health education were demonstrated greater male involvement in antenatal care.This study determined the overall birth preparedness and complication readiness practice among married males were 50.8% with 95% CI of (46.0 to 55.3%) with factors of male involved in antenatal care, had good knowledge towards general danger signs and higher family monthly income were demonstrated greater likelihoods of birth preparedness and complication readiness practice. More than half about 60.7% decisions making to seek health care facility were decided by male partner alone and 53.7% had good knowledge of general danger signs in the study area.Conclusion: -Involvement of male in Antenatal care and birth preparedness were low as compared to previous study and identified factors demonstrated greater likelihoods of male involvement. Therefore, those factors associated with male involvement in antenatal care and birth preparedness, complication readiness would be emphatically considered during maternal health program development by police makers in collaboration with others responsible bodies in developing countries. Keywords: Male involvement, ANC, Birth preparedness Ambo tow

Male Involvement in Family Planning and Associated Factors among Marriedin Malegedo Town West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

Background:- Men  are not only act as decision-makers for women and children’s access to health services, but also through abuse or neglect, men’s actions can have a direct bearing on the health of their female partners and children. Historically most reproductive health program focused on family planning and in turn, most family planning program offered their services exclusively to women but Influencing males’ attitude is critical to increase contraceptive prevalence in the society. The aim of this study was to determine married male involvement in family planning in Gedo Town. Results: - The complete response rate was 95%.Out of total respondents 94.9% were Oromo with the mean age of 40 years. From total study respondents about 54% respondents with 95%CI of (47.4 - 59.7%) had good knowledge. the prevalence of decision making power by both husband and wife together and current use of family planning with 95% CI were 40.8%(34.6-46) and 30.9%(24.9-36.4) respectively The prevalence of male involvement on family planning was 36% with 95% CI of (30-41.2) with independent predictor of discussion with partner (AOR= 5.18,), current use of family planning (AOR=2.82), informing partner or other to use contraceptive (AOR=3.36) and had information the presence of contraceptive for male (AOR=2.57) respectively. Methods:- A community based cross-sectional study design with quantitative data collection methods were employed from April 5 to April 15/2015. All households who were having married men in Gedo town were labelled and household number codes were given. The study participants were selected by using simple random sampling computer generated technique. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors. The results were presented by using tables, figures and narratives. Conclusion:- This study revealed the married male’s level of knowledge about modern family planning in Gedo town was very low; about half (46.0%) respondents have poor knowledge about modern family planning   and  more than have of the respondents  which 70.1% of males hadn’t ever used contraceptives and males involvement in family planning were very low with the independent predictors of  attending health education, discussion with partner about family planning, educational level and had information about male contraceptive respectively. Therefore, these factors would be emphatically considered during development of male Family planning and family reproductive programs by policy makers and health planners. Keywords: Male involvement, Family planning, Gedo, Ethiopi

Assessment of Early Sexual Initiation and Associated Factors among Ambo University Undergraduate Students, Ambo, Ethiopia

Background: Early sexual initiation increases the risk of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. The majority of students in higher Institutions are single, young adults who easily fall prey to excitement coupled with the liberal nature of campus life that predisposes them to high risk sexual behaviour. The aimed of study was to determine the prevalence of early sexual initiation and associated factors among Ambo University undergraduate students in Ambo, Ethiopia. Result:- The prevalence of early sexual initiation among Ambo University undergraduate regular students were determined, which showed that 67(20.4%) were initiated early sexual practice with 95%CI of (16.2 to 25.2%) with independent predictors of religion (Christian, AOR=14.66, 95%CI (1.77, 121.51) residence (urban) AOR= 3.06, 95%CI (1.33, 7.02) and classmate friend AOR=21.83, 95%CI (2.65, 179.84). Methods: A cross-sectional facility based study design was conducted from December to January 2015 at Ambo university undergraduate students. Simple random sampling technique was used to draw 392 sampled students. The study participants were selected by using simple random sampling computer generated technique by their ID number. A pre- tested structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors and the result was presented using table, and narrative. Conclusion and recommendation: The prevalence of early sexual initiation and associated factors among Ambo University undergraduate students were determined which revealed that 20.4% with independent predictors of religion (Christian), residence (urban) and classmate friend. Therefore, these factors would be better to considered during development youths reproductive health programs by police makers in collaboration with others responsible bodies. Keywords: - Early sexual initiation, Ambo University undergraduate students

Dual Contraceptive Utilization and Associated Factors among People Living with HIV Attending ART Clinic in Fitche Hospital, Ethiopia

Background: HIV/AIDS continues to have disastrous medical, economic, social, and physical impacts on individuals, their communities and the nations of the world. Sub-Saharan Africa is at the epicenter of the epidemic and continues to carry the full brunt of its health and socioeconomic impact. Dual protection is a strategy that prevents both unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, is emerging as an important preventive approach in reproductive health. Evidence relating to dual contraceptive utilization and reproductive intentions among PLHIV is rare, despite the fact that more than 80% of PLHIV are of reproductive age. The aim of the study was to determine dual contraceptive utilization and associated factors among PLHIV attending ART clinic in Fitche Hospital. Methods: A facility based cross-sectional study design with both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods was employed from February21-April 20th, 2013. The study participants were selected by using simple random sampling technique. A pre- tested structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors. Result:-The prevalence of dual contraceptive utilization of PLHIV in Fitche Hospital was 81(32%) with 95% CI of (26.4% -38.2%) had dual contraceptives users by themselves or their partners. With regarding to married/cohabited partner’s HIV status 143(70.4%) were HIV-Positive (concordant) and 60(29.6%) were Negative (discordant). This study identified that factors found to be associated with dual contraceptive utilization were:− Age at first marriage < 18 years (Early marriage) [AOR = 3.44,95% CI: 1.27- 9.29)], had more than 4 biological living children [AOR =10.24, 95% CI: 1.29- 81.06)], faced pregnancy since HIV diagnosis[AOR =2.05, 95% CI: 1.78- 5.46)],had no fertility desire [AOR = 8.58, 95% CI: 3.42- 21.52)] and had sexual practiced with Husband/wife [AOR =4.9, 95% CI: 1.59- 15.07)]were some of the factors significantly associated with dual contraceptive utilization Conclusion: The prevalence of dual contraceptive utilization of PLHIV in Fitche Hospital was 81(32%).In this study:- Age at first marriage, biological living children, pregnancy since HIV diagnosis, fertility desire and  sexual practiced were demonstrated significantly associated with dual contraceptive utilizations among PLHIV, therefore, these factors should be emphatically considered during PLHIV’s reproductive health program development Keywords: Dual contraceptive utilization, People living with HIV, Fitch

Predictors of Acute Malnutrition Among 6 - 23 Months Children in Hidhebu Abote Woreda, Oromia, Ethiopia

Introduction: Malnutrition is major public-health problem throughout the developing world and is an underlying factor in over 50% of the 10–11 million children under 5 years of age who die each year. Although the prevalence of malnutrition is generally high in Ethiopia, there were no enough documented predictors. Therefore; this study was undertaken to identify predictors of acute malnutrition among 6 - 23 months in HidhebuAbote Woreda, Oromiya Regional State, Ethiopia.  Methods: Community based unmatched case-control study design was utilized. Children of 6-23 months in the Woreda were screened by weight for height and 288 children (144 cases and 144 controls) were selected by simple random sampling technique. Results: The mean age of the cases and controls were 13.38 (+ 4.68) and 14.41 (+ 5.44) month respectively. There were more males in the cases 68 (47.5%) than in the controls 58 (40.5%). Cases with malnutrition were more likely to: have mothers who did not graduate as model by the health extension program (AOR= 7.246), have spring and /or river as source of drinking water (AOR= 5.349), initiate breastfeeding late (AOR= 4.248), not exclusively breastfed(AOR= 4.586), not given  colostrums(AOR=2.706), be bottle fed (AOR=3.111) and have illness during the last two weeks before the survey (AOR=4.136) compared to controls.Conclusion: Finally this study identified that distal, intermediate and proximal factors associated with Acute Malnutrition among 6 - 23 months Children in the study area. Therefore, those factors associated with Acute Malnutrition would be emphatically considered during development of child health and Nutritional programs by police makers in collaboration with others responsible bodies. Federal ministry of health would be better to give greater emphases to address under two years child Nutritional status to improve through health education by using mass media and community mobilization in more comprehensive manner by integrated to health extension program of model family graduation package about child nutritional and optimal child feeding practices based on the final guideline and improving water and sanitation including home based treatment of water using ‘Wuha’ Agar. Key words: Acute Malnutrition 6 - 23 Months Children Hidhebu Abote Wored

Prevalence of Anemia and Associated Factors among PHIVs Attendants Antiretroviral Therapy Clinics in Public Health Institutions in Dire Dawa Town, East Ethiopia

Background: Anemia is one of the most commonly observed hematological abnormalities and an independent prognostic marker of Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression in people living with HIV. However, there is limited evidence on the magnitude and its correlates among attendants of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in low-income countries including Ethiopia. Objective: The aim this study was to determine Prevalence of anemia and associated factors among PHIVs attendants Antiretroviral Therapy clinics in public health institutions in Dire Dawa Town, East Ethiopia Methods: An institution based cross - sectional study design was used from mid January to mid February 2014.The study participants were selected by using simple random sampling technique. A pre- tested structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors. Hematological and immunological data were collected by using blood samples. Odds ratio along with 95% confidence interval was estimated to identify factors associated with anemia among the study population using a multivariable logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of anemia was 41.2%, 95% CI (36.7%, 45.9%). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, being female[AOR=1.95, 95% CI (1.22, 3.11)], use of different types of  zidovudine (AZT) based Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) : 1c:AZT+3TC+ neverapine [ AOR=2.56 , 95% CI (1.28,5.12) ] , and 1d: AZT+3TC + Evaferenz [ AOR=2.99 , 95% CI(1.27,7.03)] , overall ART category: zidovudine - based HAART  [ AOR=2.98, 95% CI (1.27,6.99)] ,  WHO’s HIV  clinical  stage III [AOR=2.49, 95% CI: (1.24, 5.01)] and stage IV [AOR= 5.92, 95% CI (1.26, 27.8)] , and lower CD4 count [AOR=2.34, 95% CI (1.10,4.98)]  were  independently associated with anemia .Conclusion: Macrocytic anemia was common among patients taking Antiretroviral Therapy. The likelihood of developing anemia increases with disease progression associated decreased immunological state and use of zidovudin-based HAART. Therefore, those factors associated with anemia among PHIVs would be emphatically considered comprehensive care and treatment for PHIVs by including anemia treatment and prevention strategies by police makers in collaboration with others responsible bodies. Keywords: Anemia, Antiretroviral Therapy, Ethiopia, Dire Dawa , Macrocytosis, Zidovudin

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic