Prevalence of anemia and determinants of hemoglobin concentration in pregnant women

Background Anemia is characterized by reduced hemoglobin concentration and, during pregnancy is associated with increased fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality. Objective To evaluate the prevalence of anemia and the determinants factors of hemoglobin concentration in pregnant women. Methods Cross-sectional study with a sample of 328 pregnant women patients of the urban Health Units of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. We applied a questionnaire, anthropometric evaluation, and collected blood by capillary puncture for dosage of haemoglobin using a portable β-hemoglobinometer. Were considered anemic those pregnant women with hemoglobin <11 g/dL. The determinants of serum hemoglobin concentration were identified through multiple linear regression. Results We observed anemia in 18.9% of the participants, and the mean hemoglobin concentration was 11.9 g/dL (standard deviation: 1.2). We observed lower mean of hemoglobin concentration among pregnant women who started prenatal care in the second trimester (β: -0.28; 95% CI: -0.54 to -0.02) and who did not used iron supplementation (β: -0.51, 95% CI: -0.79 to -0.23), while a higher mean was observed among primigavidae women (β: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.62). Conclusion Anemia in the population evaluated is a mild public health problem, and hemoglobin concentrations were associated to obstetric factors and prenatal care.Introdução A anemia é caracterizada pela reduzida concentração de hemoglobina e, durante a gestação, está associada à maior morbimortalidade fetal e materna. Objetivo Avaliar a prevalência de anemia e os fatores determinantes da concentração de hemoglobina em gestantes. Método Estudo transversal com uma amostra de 328 gestantes atendidas nas unidades de saúde urbanas de Vitória da Conquista, na Bahia. Foram realizadas a aplicação de questionário, a avaliação antropométrica e a coleta de sangue por punção capilar para dosagem de hemoglobina em β-hemoglobinômetro portátil. Foram consideradas anêmicas as gestantes com hemoglobina < 11 g/dL. Os determinantes da concentração de hemoglobina sérica foram identificados por meio da regressão linear múltipla. Resultados A prevalência de anemia foi de 18,9%, e a média de hemoglobina, de 11,9 g/dL (desvio-padrão: 1,2). Foram observadas menores médias de concentração de hemoglobina entre as gestantes que iniciaram o pré-natal no segundo trimestre (β: -0,28; IC95%: -0,54 a -0,02) e que não usavam suplemento de ferro (β: -0,51; IC95%: -0,79 a -0,23), enquanto a maior média foi verificada entre as mulheres primigestas (β: 0,34; IC95%: 0,06 a 0,62). Conclusão A anemia nas gestantes avaliadas é um leve problema de saúde pública, e as concentrações de hemoglobina foram associadas aos fatores obstétricos e à assistência pré-natal

Análise hierarquizada dos fatores associados à anemia em lactentes

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of anemia and the associated factors in infants assisted in health units of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Northeast Brazil.Methods: Cross‑sectional study with a representative sample of 366 children aged 6 to 23 months. A questionnaire was applied to the caregiver, and the children’s anthropometric measurements and hemoglobin levels were collected. The associations were identified by Poisson regression with robust variances based on a hierarchical analysis model.Results: The prevalence of anemia was 26.8%, and the associated factors were: family income equal to or lower than one minimum wage (PR: 1.50; 95%CI 1.03–2.18), number of household members higher than five (PR: 1.50; 95%CI 1.07–2.11), use of unfiltered water (PR: 1.68; 95%CI 1.11–2.56), number of offspring higher than three (PR: 1.64; 95%CI 1.01–2.68), consumption of meat and/or viscera less than once/week (PR: 1.78; 95%CI 1.24–2.58) and age 6‑11 months (PR: 1.75; 95%CI 1.20–2.55).Conclusions: Anemia in the infants assessed is a moderate public health problem, which is associated with socioeconomic, demographic, and dietary factors; thus, measures are necessary for its prevention.Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados à anemia em lactentes assistidos por Unidades de Saúde de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. Métodos: Estudo transversal com uma amostra representativa de 366 crianças de 6 a 23 meses. Realizou‑se aplicação de questionário ao cuidador, avaliação antropométrica e dosagem de hemoglobina das crianças. As associações foram identificadas por meio da regressão de Poisson com variâncias robustas com seleção hierárquica das variáveis independentes.Resultados: A prevalência de anemia foi de 26,8%, e os fatores associados foram: renda familiar igual ou inferior a um salário mínimo (RP: 1,50; IC95% 1,03–2,18), número de moradores no domicílio superior a cinco (RP: 1,50; IC95% 1,07–2,11), utilização de água não filtrada (RP: 1,68; IC95% 1,11 –2,56), número de filhos maior que três (RP: 1,64; IC95% 1,01–2,68), consumo de carne e/ou vísceras menor que uma vez por semana (RP: 1,78; IC95% 1,24–2,58) e idade de 6 a 11 meses (RP: 1,75; IC95% 1,20–2,55). Conclusões: A anemia nos lactentes avaliados é um moderado problema de saúde pública, a qual está associada a fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e dietéticos. Dessa forma, medidas são necessárias para sua prevençã

Stunting and associated factors in children aged 6 to 24 months attended in the Southwest of Bahia Health Units

Objective: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with stunting among 6 to 24-month old children. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study including 360 children attended in all health units in the urban area of Vitória da Conquista - BA. A questionnaire was used to collect information and we evaluated anthropometric measures of weight and height. Nutritional status was evaluated according to the cutoff points for anthropometric indexes recommended by the World Health Organization. The association among the studied factors and stunting was assessed by Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: The prevalence of stunting in the assessed children was 13.6%. The factors associated with the outcome were: father’s unemployment (PR: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.34 to 4.49) and low birth weight (OR: 2.29; 95% CI: 1.27 to 4.13). Conclusion: The results show a significant prevalence of stunting among children under two years old, emphasizing the importance of nutritional monitoring and the influence of obstetric and socioeconomic factors.Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao déficit estatural em crianças de 6 a 24 meses. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 360 crianças atendidas em todas as unidades de saúde da zona urbana do município de Vitória da Conquista, BA. Foi aplicado um questionário para coleta de informações e foram aferidas medidas antropométricas de peso e estatura. O estado nutricional foi avaliado de acordo com os pontos de corte para os índices antropométricos preconizados pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. A associação entre os fatores em estudo e o déficit estatural foi verificada através da análise de regressão de Poisson, com variâncias robustas. Resultados: A prevalência de déficit estatural nas crianças avaliadas foi de 13,6%. Os fatores que se associaram ao desfecho foram: ausência de trabalho paterno (RP: 2,46; IC 95%: 1,34-4,49) e baixo peso ao nascer (RP: 2,29; IC 95%: 1,27-4,13). Conclusão: Os resultados mostram uma prevalência considerável do déficit de estatura entre as crianças menores de 2 anos, destacando a importância do monitoramento nutricional e a influência de fatores obstétricos e socioeconômicos

Prevalência e fatores associados ao ganho de peso gestacional excessivo em unidades de saúde do sudoeste da Bahia

RESUMO: Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência do ganho de peso semanal excessivo em gestantes e verificar a associação com fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos, obstétricos, antropométricos e comportamentais. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 328 gestantes assistidas em todas as unidades de saúde da zona urbana de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. Os dados foram coletados no período de maio de 2010 a junho de 2011. O ganho de peso semanal foi avaliado de acordo com as recomendações atuais do Institute of Medicine (IOM). A associação entre os fatores em estudo e o ganho de peso semanal excessivo foi verificada nas gestantes, no segundo e terceiro trimestres, por meio da análise de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: A prevalência de ganho de peso semanal excessivo nas gestantes do segundo e terceiro trimestres foi de 42,5%. Os fatores determinantes do ganho ponderal semanal excessivo foram: renda familiar < 1 salário mínimo (RP: 2,65; IC95% 1,18 - 4,83) e estado nutricional pré-gestacional sobrepeso/obesidade (RP: 1,33; IC95% 1,01 - 1,75). Conclusão: Os resultados do estudo reforçam a importância do monitoramento do ganho de peso durante a gestação. A avaliação do ganho de peso semanal possibilita a realização de intervenções precoces visando a prevenção do ganho de peso total excessivo e suas consequências para a mãe e para a criança

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Imigração, patrimônio cultural e turismo no Brasil

The heritage of immigration, like all cultural expression, has multiple forms and understanding permeates the approach to several issues, among them: the various manifestations of cultural heritage, the intentions of conservation actions and appreciation of the cultural heritage of immigrant groups and practices for the resonance of this heritage, such as tourism. The objective of this paper is to analyze the heritage of immigration as a phenomenon that was constituted in a particular environment, not only by the above issues, but also as a particular form of instituting the past in the present and its consequences for the construction of collective identitiesO patrimônio da imigração, como toda expressão cultural, possui múltiplas formas e sua compreensão perpassa pela abordagem de várias questões, dentre elas: as várias manifestações do patrimônio cultural; as intencionalidades das ações de preservação e valorização da herança cultural de grupos de imigrantes; e as práticas para a ressonância deste patrimônio, como é o caso do turismo. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o patrimônio da imigração como fenômeno que se constituiu num ambiente determinado, não só pelas questões acima, mas também como uma forma particular de instituir o passado no presente e seus desdobramentos para a construção de identidades coletivas

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure &lt;= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt