Dix ans de pratique CLIL en Belgique multilingue. Un résumé des résultats d'apprentissage

III Colloquium on Semi-Immersion in CataloniaIII Encuentro sobre Semi-Inmersión en CataluñaSince 1998, CLIL is an official learning and teaching approach for primary schools in French-speaking Belgium. In 2001 a number of Dutch-speaking schools in Brussels followed this example. This paper traces the practice of CLIL in these two areas and discusses a number of research issues. In the first part the political issues regarding the implementation of CLIL are addressed. It is shown how feelings toward this approach differ throughout the country and why this is the case. In the second part, the practice of CLIL is examined. A number of schools teach as much as 70% of the curriculum in the target language, while others limit themselves to 20%. The didactic consequences of the different approaches are examined. Among the problems addressed are the questions (1) whether it is desirable or not that in the development of pupils' linguistic skills, at a certain point in their development, the target language turns out to be the best language? and (2) whether or not it is desirable that reading starts in the target language rather than in the first one? In the third part the six tenets used by our research group are discussed. These are: (1) knowledge of the target language, (2) knowledge of the mother tongue, (3) knowledge of subject-matter, (4) attitudes and motivation, (5) cognitive development and (6) neuroscientific aspects of the brain of bilinguals. The results indicate that CLIL is a powerful learning approach that goes far beyond language knowledge and development but reaches out to cognitive and neuroscientific aspects as well. This leads us to think of CLIL as a really innovative approach not only to language education but to education in general

The tectonics of the western Ordos Plateau, Ningxia, China: Slip rates on the Luoshan and East Helanshan Faults

Analysis of the locus, style, and rate of faulting is fundamental to understanding the kinematics of continental deformation. The Ordos Plateau lies to the northeast of Tibet, within the India-Eurasia collision zone. Previous studies have suggested that it behaves rigidly and rotates anticlockwise within a large-scale zone of ENE-WSW left-lateral shearing. For this rotation to be accommodated, the eastern and western margins of the Ordos Plateau should be undergoing right-lateral shearing and yet the dominant faulting style appears to be extensional. We focus specifically on the kinematics of the faults bounding the western margin of the Ordos Plateau and make new slip rate estimates for two of the major faults in the region: the right-lateral strike-slip Luoshan Fault and the normal-slip East Helanshan Fault. We use a combination of infrared stimulated luminescence dating of offset landforms with high-resolution imagery and topography from the Pleiades satellites to determine an average right-lateral slip rate of 4.3 ± 0.4 mm/a (1σ uncertainty) on the Luoshan Fault. Similarly, we use 10Be exposure dating to determine a vertical throw rate on the East Helanshan Fault of <0.6 ± 0.1 mm/a, corresponding to an extension rate of <0.7 ± 0.1 mm/a (1σ uncertainty). Both of these results agree well with slip rates determined from the latest campaign GPS data. We therefore conclude that right-lateral shearing is the dominant motion occurring in the western Ordos region, supporting a kinematic model of large-scale anticlockwise rotation of the whole Ordos Plateau

Effects of protein on glycemic and incretin responses and gastric emptying after oral glucose in healthy subjects

© 2007 American Society for NutritionBackgroundDietary interventions represent a promising therapeutic strategy to optimize postprandial glycemia. The addition of protein to oral glucose has been reported to improve the glycemic profile.ObjectiveThe aim of the current study was to evaluate the mechanisms by which protein supplementation lowers the blood glucose response to oral glucose.DesignNine healthy men were studied on 3 d each in a random order. Subjects consumed 300-mL drinks containing either 50 g glucose (Glucose), 30 g gelatin (Protein), or 50 g glucose with 30 g gelatin (Glucose + Protein) in water labeled with 150 mg [(13)C]acetate. Blood and breath samples were subsequently collected for 3 h to measure blood glucose and plasma insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) concentrations and gastric half-emptying time, which was calculated from (13)CO(2) excretion.ResultsThe blood glucose response was less after Glucose + Protein than after Glucose (P ConclusionsIn healthy humans, the addition of protein to oral glucose lowers postprandial blood glucose concentrations acutely, predominantly by slowing gastric emptying, although protein also stimulates incretin hormones and non-glucose-dependent insulin release

Invasive Fungal Diseases in Adult Patients in Intensive Care Unit (FUNDICU): 2024 consensus definitions from ESGCIP, EFISG, ESICM, ECMM, MSGERC, ISAC, and ISHAM

Purpose: The aim of this document was to develop standardized research definitions of invasive fungal diseases (IFD) in non-neutropenic, adult patients without classical host factors for IFD, admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). Methods: After a systematic assessment of the diagnostic performance for IFD in the target population of already existing definitions and laboratory tests, consensus definitions were developed by a panel of experts using the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method. Results: Standardized research definitions were developed for proven invasive candidiasis, probable deep-seated candidiasis, proven invasive aspergillosis, probable invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and probable tracheobronchial aspergillosis. The limited evidence on the performance of existing definitions and laboratory tests for the diagnosis of IFD other than candidiasis and aspergillosis precluded the development of dedicated definitions, at least pending further data. The standardized definitions provided in the present document are aimed to speed-up the design, and increase the feasibility, of future comparative research studies.The present project did not require additional funding from routine research activities. Open access cost for this publication was covered by ESGCIP funds. JDW is supported by a Sr Clinical Research Grant from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Ref. 1881020N).S

Developing definitions for invasive fungal diseases in critically ill adult patients in intensive care units. Protocol of the FUNgal infections Definitions in ICU patients (FUNDICU) project

Background The reliability of diagnostic criteria for invasive fungal diseases (IFD) developed for severely immunocompromised patients is questionable in critically ill adult patients in intensive care units (ICU). Objectives To develop a standard set of definitions for IFD in critically ill adult patients in ICU. Methods Based on a systematic literature review, a list of potential definitions to be applied to ICU patients will be developed by the ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Critically Ill Patients (ESGCIP) and the ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG) chairpersons. The proposed definitions will be evaluated by a panel of 30 experts using the RAND/UCLA appropriateness methods. The panel will rank each of the proposed definitions on a 1-9 scale trough a dedicated questionnaire, in two rounds: one remote and one face-to-face. Based on their median rank and the level of agreement across panel members, selected definitions will be organised in a main consensus document and in an executive summary. The executive summary will be made available online for public comments. Conclusions The present consensus project will seek to provide standard definitions for IFD in critically ill adult patients in ICU, with the ultimate aims of improving their clinical outcome and facilitating the comparison and generalizability of research findings

The Relative Importance of Physician Communication, Participatory Decision Making, and Patient Understanding in Diabetes Self-management

Patients' self-management practices have substantial consequences on morbidity and mortality in diabetes. While the quality of patient-physician relations has been associated with improved health outcomes and functional status, little is known about the impact of different patient-physician interaction styles on patients' diabetes self-management. This study assessed the influence of patients' evaluation of their physicians' participatory decision-making style, rating of physician communication, and reported understanding of diabetes self-care on their self-reported diabetes management. DESIGN: We surveyed 2,000 patients receiving diabetes care across 25 Veterans' Affairs facilities. We measured patients' evaluation of provider participatory decision making with a 4-item scale (Provider Participatory Decision-making Style [PDMstyle]; = 0.96), rating of providers' communication with a 5-item scale (Provider Communication [PCOM]; = 0.93), understanding of diabetes self-care with an 8-item scale ( = 0.90), and patients' completion of diabetes self-care activities (self-management) in 5 domains ( = 0.68). Using multivariable linear regression, we examined self-management with the independent associations of PDMstyle, PCOM, and Understanding. RESULTS: Sixty-six percent of the sample completed the surveys ( N = 1,314). Higher ratings in PDMstyle and PCOM were each associated with higher self-management assessments ( P < .01 in all models). When modeled together, PCOM remained a significant independent predictor of self-management (standardized : 0.18; P < .001), but PDMstyle became nonsignificant. Adding Understanding to the model diminished the unique effect of PCOM in predicting self-management (standardized : 0.10; P = .004). Understanding was strongly and independently associated with self-management (standardized : 0.25; P < .001). CONCLUSION: For these patients, ratings of providers' communication effectiveness were more important than a participatory decision-making style in predicting diabetes self-management. Reported understanding of self-care behaviors was highly predictive of and attenuated the effect of both PDMstyle and PCOM on self-management, raising the possibility that both provider styles enhance self-management through increased patient understanding or self-confidence.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73566/1/j.1525-1497.2002.10905.x.pd

Hydroclimatic vulnerability of peat carbon in the central Congo Basin: codes for age-depth models, geospatial data processing and analysis

This dataset includes two packages: Age_depth_models and Tropical_Peats for the creation of the age-depth models and the processing and analysis of the geospatial data, which are presented in the article Hydroclimatic vulnerability of peat carbon in the central Congo Basin. The package Age_depth_models includes the data and R codes to run the age/depth models of cores CEN-17.4, LOK5-5 and BDM1-7. The package Tropical_Peats (JupyterHub notebooks https://jupyter.org) includes all the codes for the processing and analysis of the climate spaces (precipitation amount and seasonality index), tropical peatland distribution and precipitation reconstruction. In summary, the data processing starts with the upload of the CHELSA data Version 1.2 (climatologies) publicly available at https://chelsa-climate.org/downloads/ and of the PEATMAP dataset (current geographical extents of peat-bearing regions) publicly available at https://archive.researchdata.leeds.ac.uk/251/. Then the data are reprojected (if necessary) and downsampled, the tropical areas are extracted, matched, analysed and ultimately plotted. Note that the sedimentary data presented in this study are available at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.938019