225 research outputs found
Gravitational Collapse of Massless Scalar Field with Negative Cosmological Constant in (2+1) Dimensions
The 2+1-dimensional geodesic circularly symmetric solutions of
Einstein-massless-scalar field equations with negative cosmological constant
are found and their local and global properties are studied. It is found that
one of them represents gravitational collapse where black holes are always
formed.Comment: no figure
Effects of mandrax and cannabis on the cellular function of chick embryonic neurons
Cannabis and Mandrax abuse is unique to South Africa; and most research has focused on the socio-economic impact rather than the adverse effects on the developing brain. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the effects of Mandrax and Cannabis alone and in combination on the developing brain by using primary and suspension cultures of the chick embryo brain.
Exposure of primary chick embryo neuronal (CEN) cultures to the carrier ethanol, Mandrax and Cannabis, for 24 h resulted in a significant dose dependent decrease in cell number for Mandrax alone. Increasing concentrations of Cannabis in combination with Mandrax inhibited the toxic effect of Mandrax. In CEN suspensions, Mandrax alone induced a significant timeâconcentration dependent decrease in esterase activity following 1 and 4 h exposure. In combination with Cannabis, a significant increase in esterase activity was observed after 4 h exposure. In conclusion Mandrax is toxic to CEN cells in vitro while Cannabis seemed to have a protective effect; however, this study does not investigate the abuse of these drugs in the form commonly abused, namely inhaled smoke
Critical Collapse of Cylindrically Symmetric Scalar Field in Four-Dimensional Einstein's Theory of Gravity
Four-dimensional cylindrically symmetric spacetimes with homothetic
self-similarity are studied in the context of Einstein's Theory of Gravity, and
a class of exact solutions to the Einstein-massless scalar field equations is
found. Their local and global properties are investigated and found that they
represent gravitational collapse of a massless scalar field. In some cases the
collapse forms black holes with cylindrical symmetry, while in the other cases
it does not. The linear perturbations of these solutions are also studied and
given in closed form. From the spectra of the unstable eigen-modes, it is found
that there exists one solution that has precisely one unstable mode, which may
represent a critical solution, sitting on a boundary that separates two
different basins of attraction in the phase space.Comment: Some typos are corrected. The final version to appear in Phys. Rev.
Electromagnetic Counterparts of Compact Object Mergers Powered by the Radioactive Decay of R-process Nuclei
The most promising astrophysical sources of kHz gravitational waves (GWs) are
the inspiral and merger of binary neutron star(NS)/black hole systems.
Maximizing the scientific return of a GW detection will require identifying a
coincident electro-magnetic (EM) counterpart. One of the most likely sources of
isotropic EM emission from compact object mergers is a supernova-like transient
powered by the radioactive decay of heavy elements synthesized in ejecta from
the merger. We present the first calculations of the optical transients from
compact object mergers that self-consistently determine the radioactive heating
by means of a nuclear reaction network; using this heating rate, we model the
light curve with a one dimensional Monte Carlo radiation transfer calculation.
For an ejecta mass ~1e-2 M_sun[1e-3 M_sun] the resulting light curve peaks on a
timescale ~ 1 day at a V-band luminosity nu L_nu ~ 3e41[1e41] ergs/s (M_V =
-15[-14]); this corresponds to an effective "f" parameter ~3e-6 in the
Li-Paczynski toy model. We argue that these results are relatively insensitive
to uncertainties in the relevant nuclear physics and to the precise early-time
dynamics and ejecta composition. Due to the rapid evolution and low luminosity
of NS merger transients, EM counterpart searches triggered by GW detections
will require close collaboration between the GW and astronomical communities.
NS merger transients may also be detectable following a short-duration
Gamma-Ray Burst or "blindly" with present or upcoming optical transient
surveys. Because the emission produced by NS merger ejecta is powered by the
formation of rare r-process elements, current optical transient surveys can
directly constrain the unknown origin of the heaviest elements in the Universe.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures; accepted to MNRAS; title changed to highlight
r-process connection and new figure added
Three little pieces for computer and relativity
Numerical relativity has made big strides over the last decade. A number of
problems that have plagued the field for years have now been mostly solved.
This progress has transformed numerical relativity into a powerful tool to
explore fundamental problems in physics and astrophysics, and I present here
three representative examples. These "three little pieces" reflect a personal
choice and describe work that I am particularly familiar with. However, many
more examples could be made.Comment: 42 pages, 11 figures. Plenary talk at "Relativity and Gravitation:
100 Years after Einstein in Prague", June 25 - 29, 2012, Prague, Czech
Republic. To appear in the Proceedings (Edition Open Access). Collects
results appeared in journal articles [72,73, 122-124
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Genomic surveillance of Anopheles mosquitoes on the BijagĂłs Archipelago using custom targeted amplicon sequencing identifies mutations associated with insecticide resistance.
BACKGROUND: Insecticide resistance is reducing the efficacy of vector control interventions, consequently threatening efforts to control vector-borne diseases, including malaria. Investigating the prevalence of molecular markers of resistance is a useful tool for monitoring the spread of insecticide resistance in disease vectors. The Bijagós Archipelago (Bijagós) in Guinea-Bissau is a region of stable malaria transmission where insecticide-treated nets are the mainstay for malaria control. However, the prevalence of molecular markers of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is not well understood. METHODS: A total of 214 Anopheles mosquitoes were analysed from 13 islands across the Bijagós. These mosquitoes were collected using CDC light traps in November 2019, during the peak malaria transmission season. High-throughput multiplex amplicon sequencing was used to investigate the prevalence of 17 different molecular markers associated with insecticide resistance in four genes: vgsc, rdl, ace1 and gste2. RESULTS: Of the 17 screened mutations, four were identified in mosquitoes from the Bijagós: vgsc L995F (12.2%), N1570Y (6.2%) and A1746S (0.7%) and rdl A269G (1.1%). This study is the first to report the L995F knock-down resistance (kdr)-west allele in Anopheles melas on the Archipelago. An additional eight non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified across the four genes which have not been described previously. The prevalences of the vgsc L995F and N1570Y mutations were higher on Bubaque Island than on the other islands in this study; Bubaque is the most populous island in the archipelago, with the greatest population mobility and connection to continental Guinea-Bissau. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first surveillance data for genetic markers present in malaria vectors from islands across the Bijagós Archipelago. Overall prevalence of insecticide resistance mutations was found to be low. However, the identification of the vgsc L995F and N1570Y mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance warrants further monitoring. This is particularly important as the mainstay of malaria control on the islands is the use of pyrethroid insecticide-treated nets
Modeling dynamic interactions between pre-exposure prophylaxis interventions & treatment programs: predicting HIV transmission & resistance
Clinical trials have recently demonstrated the effectiveness of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) in preventing HIV infection. Consequently, PrEP may soon be used for epidemic control. We model the dynamic interactions that will occur between treatment programs and potential PrEP interventions in resource-constrained countries. We determine the consequences for HIV transmission and drug resistance. We use response hypersurface modeling to predict the effect of PrEP on decreasing transmission as a function of effectiveness, adherence and coverage. We predict PrEP will increase need for second-line therapies (SLT) for treatment-naĂŻve individuals, but could significantly decrease need for SLT for treatment-experienced individuals. If the rollout of PrEP is carefully planned it could increase the sustainability of treatment programs. If not, need for SLT could increase and the sustainability of treatment programs could be compromised. Our results show the optimal strategy for rolling out PrEP in resource-constrained countries is to begin around the âworstâ treatment programs
Does technology and Innovation Management improve Market Position? Empirical Evidence from Innovating Firms in South Africa
There is a growing recognition of the central role of technology and knowledge management for market success of organizations. Little is empirically know, however, about this relationship. Drawing on the South African Innovation Survey, a unique dataset on innovative behavior of South African firms in manufacturing and services, this paper investigates the question to what extent and in which ways do technology and innovation management activities affect firmsâ market position. Findings show that conducting technology strategy activities pays out. Moreover, especially a combination of internal and external technology audits seems to be beneficial for organizational performance
Geomorphological and stratigraphic evolution of a fluvial incision in the coastal plain and inner continental shelf in southern Brazil
This paper describes the evolution of a sector of the southern coastal plain of the Pelotas Basin,
southern Brazil, between the last Pleistocene sea-level lowstand and the Holocene highstand,
based on geomorphology and high-resolution stratigraphy. A fluvial drainage system associated
with an incised valley developed during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was identified. Two highresolution 2D and 2.5D geophysical profiles using Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) show a
Pleistocene fluvial system's former path, starting close to its present mouth inside Mirim Lagoon
crossing the coastal barriers and reaching the inner continental shelf, covering some 60 km across
the coastal plain. During the LGM, with the sea-level at â120 to â130 m and the coastline
positioned close to the shelf edge (distant 200 km from the present coastline), the fluvial system
excavated a ~31.5-m deep channel. Two cores, 36 and 32 m long, show that the paleochannel was
filled with sedimentary deposits after 19.4 ka BP, and the facies succession represents the
transition from fluvial, to estuarine, to the coastal barrier, and finally to inner shelf depositional
environments, generated by processes connected to LGM and the Postglacial Marine
Transgression (PMT). The study region behaved as a sediment by-pass zone, connecting the
adjacent coastal plain's inner portion with the inner continental shelf. The studied area presents
an unusual record of the LGM at a coastal plain domain
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