Monitoring temperate glaciers: combined use of multi-date TerraSAR-X images and continous GPS measurements

International audienceThis paper highlights the contribution of TerraSAR-X (TSX) High Resolution (HR) images for temperate glacier monitoring. A series of 14 images have been acquired since October 2007 on the Mont-Blanc test area. This area involves well-known temperate glaciers which have been monitored and instrumented ("stick" for annual displacement/ablation, GPS, cavitometer for basal displacement...) for more than 50 years. The combined use of in-situ measurements and multi-temporal images allows to improve the potential of HR SAR measurements. Interpretation of HR images, investigation of interferometric and correlation methods, and the first glacier displacement results are presented

Antiretroviral-naive and -treated HIV-1 patients can harbour more resistant viruses in CSF than in plasma

Objectives The neurological disorders in HIV-1-infected patients remain prevalent. The HIV-1 resistance in plasma and CSF was compared in patients with neurological disorders in a multicentre study. Methods Blood and CSF samples were collected at time of neurological disorders for 244 patients. The viral loads were >50 copies/mL in both compartments and bulk genotypic tests were realized. Results On 244 patients, 89 and 155 were antiretroviral (ARV) naive and ARV treated, respectively. In ARV-naive patients, detection of mutations in CSF and not in plasma were reported for the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene in 2/89 patients (2.2%) and for the protease gene in 1/89 patients (1.1%). In ARV-treated patients, 19/152 (12.5%) patients had HIV-1 mutations only in the CSF for the RT gene and 30/151 (19.8%) for the protease gene. Two mutations appeared statistically more prevalent in the CSF than in plasma: M41L (P = 0.0455) and T215Y (P = 0.0455). Conclusions In most cases, resistance mutations were present and similar in both studied compartments. However, in 3.4% of ARV-naive and 8.8% of ARV-treated patients, the virus was more resistant in CSF than in plasma. These results support the need for genotypic resistance testing when lumbar puncture is performe

Guilt in Marketing Research: An Elicitation–Consumption Perspective and Research Agenda

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Antonetti, P. and Baines, P. (2015), Guilt in Marketing Research: An Elicitation–Consumption Perspective and Research Agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17: 333–355. which has been published in final form at https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.1204

Interaction of Copper-Based Nanoparticles to Soil, Terrestrial, and Aquatic Systems: Critical Review of the State of the Science and Future Perspectives

In the past two decades, increased production and usage of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) has inevitably increased their discharge into the different compartments of the environment, which ultimately paved the way for their uptake and accumulation in various trophic levels of the food chain. Due to these issues, several questions have been raised on the usage of NPs in everyday life and has become a matter of public health concern. Among the metallic NPs, Cu-based NPs have gained popularity due to their cost-effectiveness and multifarious promising uses. Several studies in the past represented the phytotoxicity of Cu-based NPs on plants. However, comprehensive knowledge is still lacking. Additionally, the impact of Cu-based NPs on soil organisms such as agriculturally important microbes, fungi, mycorrhiza, nematode, and earthworms are poorly studied. This review article critically analyses the literature data to achieve a more comprehensive knowledge on the toxicological profile of Cu-based NPs and increase our understanding of the effects of Cu-based NPs on aquatic and terrestrial plants as well as on soil microbial communities. The underlying mechanism of biotransformation of Cu-based NPs and the process of their penetration into plants has also been discussed herein. Overall, this review could provide valuable information to design rules and regulations for the safe disposal of Cu-based NPs into a sustainable environment

The WA105 project : a prototype of double phase liquid argon time projection chamber using LEMs detectors

Le projet WA105/ProtoDUνE-DP est une expérience de prototypage qui a pour objectif de tester la technologie de Chambre à Projection Temporelle à Argon Liquide Diphasique (DLArTPC) à grande échelle dans le but de l'utiliser dans la future expérience de physique des neutrinos DUνE. Prévue fin 2026 aux USA, DUνE vise à déterminer l'ordre des masses des neutrinos ainsi que la violation de CP dans le secteur leptonique. Le travail de cette thèse s'oriente dans un premier temps autour des tests et simulations effectués sur les éléments de détection et d'amplification des détecteurs de WA105. Dans un second temps, la thèse s'oriente autour de l'analyse des traces de muons cosmiques vues par un premier prototype de 4t, opéré en 2017 au CERN. La technologie DLArTPC est une variante de la technologie LArTPC permettant une amplification des électrons extraits de la phase liquide à la phase gazeuse. Les amplificateurs d'électrons (LEMs) sont des plaques de PCB de 50x50cm² épais de 1mm, percés de 400k trous de 500 microns de diamètre, recouvertes de chaque côté par une mince couche de cuivre. Une différence de potentiel de l'ordre de 3kv permet d'atteindre un gain supérieur à 10. Une partie du travail de cette thèse a consisté à simuler la dérive des électrons à travers ces LEMs afin d'étudier les efficacités de collection de charge. Une autre partie de cette thèse a consisté à mesurer les caractéristiques importantes (épaisseur, tenue en tension) des amplificateurs destinés au démonstrateur de 300t de WA105, dont la mise en route a été effectuée fin août 2019 au CERN. Le gain est une des caractéristiques principales d'une DLArTPC, et il a été étudié dans le prototype de 4t grâce à la détection de muons cosmiques. Des comparaisons sont effectuées avec les résultats d'un prototype de 3L datant de 2014, et un programme de reconstruction de trace dédié a été développé pour traiter certains événements bruités. Le travail effectué dans cette thèse a permis de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement des DLArTPCs, notamment en ce qui concerne l'aspect multiplication et dérive des électrons. Ces connaissances seront importantes lors de l'opération du démonstrateur de 300t au CERN, ainsi que lors de l'exploitation du module DLArTPC de DUνE.The WA105/ProtoDUνE-DP project is a prototyping experiment which goal is to test the Double Phase Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (DLArTPC) technology at large scale, to use it in the future neutrinos physics experiment DUνE. Scheduled for the end of 2026 in the USA, DUνE aims at measuring the neutrinos mass ordering and the leptonic CP symetry violation. The first part of this thesis is dedicated to tests and simulations of the detection and amplification elements of the WA105 detectors. The second part is focused on the analysis of cosmic muon tracks seen by a first prototype of 4t, operated at CERN in 2017. The DLArTPC technology is a variation of the LArTPC technology allowing for the amplification of the electrons extracted from the liquid phase to the gas phase. The Large Electron Amplifiers (LEMs) are 50x50cm² PCB plates with a thickness of 1mm, pierced by 400k holes of 500 microns diameter, covered on each side by a thin layer of copper giving a gain superior to 10. Part of this thesis work is about the simulation of electrons drifting through those LEMs to study the charge collection efficiencies. Another part of this thesis is about the measurement of important caracteristics (thickness, voltage stability) of the LEMs that are used in the 300t demonstrator of WA105, which commissionning was done in the end of August 2019. The gain is one of the main caracteristics of a DLArTPC, and it has been studied in the 4t prototype by detecting cosmic muons. Comparisons are done with previous results from 2014 from a smaller prototype of 3L, and a dedicated reconstruction program was created to analyse noisy events. The work done in the thesis allowed for a better understanding of DALrTPCs, mainly on the multiplication and drift of electrons. This knowledge will be important during the operation of the 300t demonstrator at CERN, and during the operationg of the DLArTPC module of DUνE

Le projet WA105 : un prototype de chambre à projection temporelle à argon liquide diphasique utilisant des détecteurs LEMs

The WA105/ProtoDUνE-DP project is a prototyping experiment which goal is to test the Double Phase Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (DLArTPC) technology at large scale, to use it in the future neutrinos physics experiment DUνE. Scheduled for the end of 2026 in the USA, DUνE aims at measuring the neutrinos mass ordering and the leptonic CP symetry violation. The first part of this thesis is dedicated to tests and simulations of the detection and amplification elements of the WA105 detectors. The second part is focused on the analysis of cosmic muon tracks seen by a first prototype of 4t, operated at CERN in 2017. The DLArTPC technology is a variation of the LArTPC technology allowing for the amplification of the electrons extracted from the liquid phase to the gas phase. The Large Electron Amplifiers (LEMs) are 50x50cm² PCB plates with a thickness of 1mm, pierced by 400k holes of 500 microns diameter, covered on each side by a thin layer of copper giving a gain superior to 10. Part of this thesis work is about the simulation of electrons drifting through those LEMs to study the charge collection efficiencies. Another part of this thesis is about the measurement of important caracteristics (thickness, voltage stability) of the LEMs that are used in the 300t demonstrator of WA105, which commissionning was done in the end of August 2019. The gain is one of the main caracteristics of a DLArTPC, and it has been studied in the 4t prototype by detecting cosmic muons. Comparisons are done with previous results from 2014 from a smaller prototype of 3L, and a dedicated reconstruction program was created to analyse noisy events. The work done in the thesis allowed for a better understanding of DALrTPCs, mainly on the multiplication and drift of electrons. This knowledge will be important during the operation of the 300t demonstrator at CERN, and during the operationg of the DLArTPC module of DUνE.Le projet WA105/ProtoDUνE-DP est une expérience de prototypage qui a pour objectif de tester la technologie de Chambre à Projection Temporelle à Argon Liquide Diphasique (DLArTPC) à grande échelle dans le but de l'utiliser dans la future expérience de physique des neutrinos DUνE. Prévue fin 2026 aux USA, DUνE vise à déterminer l'ordre des masses des neutrinos ainsi que la violation de CP dans le secteur leptonique. Le travail de cette thèse s'oriente dans un premier temps autour des tests et simulations effectués sur les éléments de détection et d'amplification des détecteurs de WA105. Dans un second temps, la thèse s'oriente autour de l'analyse des traces de muons cosmiques vues par un premier prototype de 4t, opéré en 2017 au CERN. La technologie DLArTPC est une variante de la technologie LArTPC permettant une amplification des électrons extraits de la phase liquide à la phase gazeuse. Les amplificateurs d'électrons (LEMs) sont des plaques de PCB de 50x50cm² épais de 1mm, percés de 400k trous de 500 microns de diamètre, recouvertes de chaque côté par une mince couche de cuivre. Une différence de potentiel de l'ordre de 3kv permet d'atteindre un gain supérieur à 10. Une partie du travail de cette thèse a consisté à simuler la dérive des électrons à travers ces LEMs afin d'étudier les efficacités de collection de charge. Une autre partie de cette thèse a consisté à mesurer les caractéristiques importantes (épaisseur, tenue en tension) des amplificateurs destinés au démonstrateur de 300t de WA105, dont la mise en route a été effectuée fin août 2019 au CERN. Le gain est une des caractéristiques principales d'une DLArTPC, et il a été étudié dans le prototype de 4t grâce à la détection de muons cosmiques. Des comparaisons sont effectuées avec les résultats d'un prototype de 3L datant de 2014, et un programme de reconstruction de trace dédié a été développé pour traiter certains événements bruités. Le travail effectué dans cette thèse a permis de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement des DLArTPCs, notamment en ce qui concerne l'aspect multiplication et dérive des électrons. Ces connaissances seront importantes lors de l'opération du démonstrateur de 300t au CERN, ainsi que lors de l'exploitation du module DLArTPC de DUνE