Criterios de selección de las herramientas de desarrollo para microcontroladores pic

Los altos niveles de integración de los circuitos integrados y la reducción del costo de adquisición de dichos dispositivos, han traído consigo un aumento en uso de estos como parte de todo tipo de quipos electrónicos que van desde electrodomésticos hasta equipo médico. Existe una importante variedad de fabricantes de microcontroladores dentro de los que se destacan Atmel, Motorola, Texas Instruments, Toshiba y Microship; cada uno trayendo ventajas que deben ser discutidas de acuerdo a la aplicación a desarrollar. Los autores de este trabajo ha seleccionado la tecnología desarrollada por Microchip, más conocida como PIC, debido a su popularidad en muchos desarrollos académicos y comerciales en la búsqueda de las alternativas existentes para su programación principalmente en el entorno de Windows. Como parte del trabajo de este artículo, se han desarrollado una serie de simples programas contadores desde cero hasta nueve implementados en diferentes niveles de programación

Virus mayaro: un arbovirus que amenaza a Colombia

Los arbovirus (Arthropod Borne Viruses), descubiertos en 1942, son un conjunto de familias y géneros de virus que tienen en común la característica de ser transmitidos por medio de artrópodos, incluye aproximadamente 500 virus de los cuales 150 pueden causar enfermedad en el ser humano y son considerados uno de los más importantes problemas de salud pública en el siglo XXI, debido a que su vigilancia y prevención depende del control y estudio de sus vectores. El virus mayaro es una zoonosis producida por un arbovirus de la familia Togaviridae, género Alphavirus, el cual es endémico y reemergente en los bosques tropicales de América del Sur y es transmitido al humano por tres mosquitos del género Haemagogus, y especies de Aedes como A. aegypti, A. albopictus e inclusive A. scapularis. Su descubrimiento fue en 1954 en Trinidad y Tobago, y desde entonces ha sido aislado en humanos, vertebrados silvestres y mosquitos en Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Guyana, Guyana Francesa, Perú y Surinam. Tiene una incidencia muy baja de circulación en América, especialmente en la región amazónica de Brasil, Bolivia y Perú. La presencia del virus mayaro en Colombia es una enorme amenaza a futuro, debido a que el vector Aedes principalmente A. aegypti es endémico en el país, además de que limita con países que han sufrido de brotes epidémicos del virus como Venezuela, Brasil, Perú y Ecuador. Su presentación clínica es similar a la del dengue y el chikungunya, incluye fiebre de presentación aguda que dura de 3 a 5 días, cefaleas intensas, dolor retro orbital, artralgias que pueden durar semanas o incluso meses, mialgias, vómitos, diarreas y erupciones. El diagnóstico puede realizarse por medio de hemaglutinación, PCR RT, entre otras. Es necesario implementar políticas claras en salud pública para determinar el riesgo inminente que tienen nuestras fronteras para el ingreso de este virus a nuestro país, socializar los conocimientos que se tienen de los arbovirus en especial del virus del mayaro y sus implicaciones en la salud humana. Abstract The arbovirus discovered in 1942, Arboviruses (Arthropod Borne Viruses) discovered in 1942 are a set of families and genera of viruses that have the common characteristic of being transmitted by means of arthropods... They are a set of families and genus of viruses that have in common the characteristic of being transmitted by arthropods, including about 500 viruses of which about 150 can cause human disease and are considered one of the problems public health most important in the XXI century because its surveillance and prevention depends on the control and study of their vector. Virus mayaro is a zoonosis caused by an arbovirus of the Togaviridae family, Alphavirus genus, which is endemic and re-emerging in the tropical forests of South America and is transmit to humans three by genus Haemagogus mosquitoes and species of aedes as A. aegypti, A. albopictus and even A. scapularis. His discovery was in 1954 in Trinidad and Tobago, and has since been isolated in humans, wild vertebrates and mosquitoes in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, French Guyana, Peru and Suriname. Circulates with low incidence in America, especially in the Amazon region of Brazil, Bolivia and Peru. The presence of mayaro virus in Colombia is a major threat in the future, because the vector Aedes mainly A. aegypti it is endemic in the country, considering that the countries bordering Colombia have suffered outbreaks as Venezuela, Brazil, Peru and Ecuador. Its clinical presentation is very similar to that of dengue and chikungunya, including fever of acute presentation lasting from 3 to 5 days, severe headache, retro-orbital pain, joint pain that can last weeks or even months, myalgia, vomiting, diarrhea and rashes. Diagnosis it can made by hemagglutination, RT PCR, among other

Negative Modulation of Macroautophagy by Stabilized HERPUD1 is Counteracted by an Increased ER-Lysosomal Network With Impact in Drug-Induced Stress Cell Survival

Macroautophagy and the ubiquitin proteasome system work as an interconnected network in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Indeed, efficient activation of macroautophagy upon nutritional deprivation is sustained by degradation of preexisting proteins by the proteasome. However, the specific substrates that are degraded by the proteasome in order to activate macroautophagy are currently unknown. By quantitative proteomic analysis we identified several proteins downregulated in response to starvation independently of ATG5 expression. Among them, the most significant was HERPUD1, an ER membrane protein with low expression and known to be degraded by the proteasome under normal conditions. Contrary, under ER stress, levels of HERPUD1 increased rapidly due to a blockage in its proteasomal degradation. Thus, we explored whether HERPUD1 stability could work as a negative regulator of autophagy. In this work, we expressed a version of HERPUD1 with its ubiquitin-like domain (UBL) deleted, which is known to be crucial for its proteasome degradation. In comparison to HERPUD1-WT, we found the UBL-deleted version caused a negative role on basal and induced macroautophagy. Unexpectedly, we found stabilized HERPUD1 promotes ER remodeling independent of unfolded protein response activation observing an increase in stacked-tubular structures resembling previously described tubular ER rearrangements. Importantly, a phosphomimetic S59D mutation within the UBL mimics the phenotype observed with the UBL-deleted version including an increase in HERPUD1 stability and ER remodeling together with a negative role on autophagy. Moreover, we found UBL-deleted version and HERPUD1-S59D trigger an increase in cellular size, whereas HERPUD1-S59D also causes an increased in nuclear size. Interestingly, ER remodeling by the deletion of the UBL and the phosphomimetic S59D version led to an increase in the number and function of lysosomes. In addition, the UBL-deleted version and phosphomimetic S59D version established a tight ER-lysosomal network with the presence of extended patches of ER-lysosomal membrane-contact sites condition that reveals an increase of cell survival under stress conditions. Altogether, we propose stabilized HERPUD1 downregulates macroautophagy favoring instead a closed interplay between the ER and lysosomes with consequences in drug-cell stress survival

Caso probable de fiebre manchada (Rickettsia felis) transmitida por pulgas

Rickettsia felis is the etiologic agent of flea-borne spotted fever, with Ctenocephalides felis as its main vector and reservoir. Typically, the disease presents as acute fever associated with headache, asthenia, generalized maculo-papular rash, and in some cases, an inoculation eschar. In recent years, R. felis has acquired an important role in the etiology of the acute febrile syndrome; it is indeed an emerging infectious disease, albeit underdiagnosed. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) is currently the reference diagnostic method. However, this technique has limitations related to the cross reactivity among different species of rickettsiae. Herein, we describe a case of a 16 year-old patient with an acute febrile syndrome secondary to probable infection with R. felis. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v33i0.723Rickettsia felis es el agente etiológico de la fiebre manchada transmitida por pulgas, cuyo principal vector y reservorio es Ctenocephalides felis. Típicamente, la enfermedad se presenta como fiebre aguda asociada a cefalea, astenia, exantema máculo-papular generalizado y, en algunos casos, conescara de inoculación. En los últimos años, R. felis ha venido adquiriendo un papel importante en la etiología del síndrome febril agudo, calificándola como una enfermedad emergente y subdiagnosticada. La inmunofluorescencia indirecta es actualmente el método diagnóstico de referencia. Sin embargo, esta técnica presenta limitaciones relacionadas con la reacción cruzada que existe entre las diferentesespecies del género Rickettsia. En el presente reporte se describe el caso de un paciente de 16 años con síndrome febril agudo secundario a infección probable por R. felis. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v33i0.723

Transcription of toll-like receptors 2, 3, 4 and 9, FoxP3 and Th17 cytokines in a susceptible experimental model of canine Leishmania infantum infection

Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) due to Leishmania infantum is a chronic zoonotic systemic disease resulting from complex interactions between protozoa and the canine immune system. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system and facilitate the early detection of many infections. However, the role of TLRs in CanL remains unknown and information describing TLR transcription during infection is extremely scarce. The aim of this research project was to investigate the impact of L. infantum infection on canine TLR transcription using a susceptible model. The objectives of this study were to evaluate transcription of TLRs 2, 3, 4 and 9 by means of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in skin, spleen, lymph node and liver in the presence or absence of experimental L. infantum infection in Beagle dogs. These findings were compared with clinical and serological data, parasite densities in infected tissues and transcription of IL-17, IL-22 and FoxP3 in different tissues in non-infected dogs (n = 10), and at six months (n = 24) and 15 months (n = 7) post infection. Results revealed significant down regulation of transcription with disease progression in lymph node samples for TLR3, TLR4, TLR9, IL-17, IL-22 and FoxP3. In spleen samples, significant down regulation of transcription was seen in TLR4 and IL-22 when both infected groups were compared with controls. In liver samples, down regulation of transcription was evident with disease progression for IL-22. In the skin, upregulation was seen only for TLR9 and FoxP3 in the early stages of infection. Subtle changes or down regulation in TLR transcription, Th17 cytokines and FoxP3 are indicative of the silent establishment of infection that Leishmania is renowned for. These observations provide new insights about TLR transcription, Th17 cytokines and Foxp3 in the liver, spleen, lymph node and skin in CanL and highlight possible markers of disease susceptibility in this model

Aplicación de tres índices bióticos en el río San Juan, Andes, Colombia

RESUMEN: Durante los meses de febrero, mayo, agosto y octubre del año 2014, se evaluó la calidad del agua del río San Juan. Para tal fin se establecieron seis puntos de muestreo donde se recolectaron muestras de agua y macroinvertebrados acuáticos para los análisis fisicoquímicos e hidrobiológicos. Se aplicaron y modificaron los índices bióticos EPT (efemerópteros, plecópteros, tricópteros), BMWP/Col (Biological Monitoring Working Party) y ASPT (Average Score per Taxon) basados en las comunidades de macroinvertebrados acuáticos capturados. Los resultados de las variables fisicoquímicas y los índices bióticos indican que las estaciones E1 y E2 son las que presentan menor grado de contaminación, en las demás estaciones disminuye considerablemente la calidad del agua debido a las actividades económicas desarrolladas en el sector y a su cercanías con el casco urbano del municipio de Andes. De los tres índices analizados, el ASPT modificado y adaptado al río San Juan es el que mejor se relaciona con las condiciones ambientales del río en tanto las características de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos recolectados y analizados en el trayecto objeto de estudio

Charge separation relative to the reaction plane in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=2.76\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}= 2.76 TeV

Measurements of charge dependent azimuthal correlations with the ALICE detector at the LHC are reported for Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 2.76$ TeV. Two- and three-particle charge-dependent azimuthal correlations in the pseudo-rapidity range $|\eta| < 0.8$ are presented as a function of the collision centrality, particle separation in pseudo-rapidity, and transverse momentum. A clear signal compatible with a charge-dependent separation relative to the reaction plane is observed, which shows little or no collision energy dependence when compared to measurements at RHIC energies. This provides a new insight for understanding the nature of the charge dependent azimuthal correlations observed at RHIC and LHC energies.Comment: 12 pages, 3 captioned figures, authors from page 2 to 6, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/286