Physiological responses of adipose tissue to different models of physical activity and inactivity

Childhood is a critical time of growth, and decisions made during this time lead to positive and negative health consequences, specifically pertaining to adiposity. There is convincing evidence that children who are overweight and obese are at higher risk for adult obesity and risk factors associated with obesity for their whole life course. Puberty is a critical time of adipose tissue expansion, and it is accepted by most that this is the age where the number of adipocytes is set for adulthood. Further it is believed that before puberty, adipose tissue expands by hyperplasia, while after puberty, adipose tissue expands by hypertrophy. The time leading up to puberty represents a critical time. Yet, little is known about the interaction between age, physical activity, and adipose tissue expansion in young, growing animals. Thus, I employed a unique model of childhood obesity to test whether: 1) seven days of decreased physical activity (wheel lock) in 49-56 day old rats and 70-77 day old rats would result in gains in visceral adipose mass seen in age-matched sedentary rats concurrent with an increase in adipocyte size and inflammatory mRNA expression (Chapter 2), and 2) glucocorticoid block would attenuate the visceral adipose depot gains seen with wheel lock in rats at sexual maturity (Chapter 3). Here, I present evidence that the age at which wheel lock occurs influences visceral adipose tissue growth and propose a mechanism for this growth at two ages of pre-pubertal growth (49-56 days of age and 70-77 days of age). Specifically, rats that undergo wheel lock for 7 days at 49-56 days of age show no differences in total body mass, mean adipocyte diameter, or mass of omental, epididymal, and perirenal adipose tissue depots compared to rats that remained physically active. However, rats that undergo wheel lock for 7 days at 70-77 days of age have an increased rate of body mass, fat mass, and % body fat gained and have increased depot mass and total number of adipocytes in epididymal and perirenal adipose tissue,

RESEARCH Open Access

Herbal adaptogens combined with protein fractions from bovine colostrum and hen egg yolk reduce liver TNF-α expression and protein carbonylation in Western diet feeding in rat

Comment letters to the National Commission on Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting, 1987 (Treadway Commission) Vol. 1

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aicpa_sop/1661/thumbnail.jp

On the buildup of massive early-type galaxies at z<~1. I- Reconciling their hierarchical assembly with mass-downsizing

Several studies have tried to ascertain whether or not the increase in abundance of the early-type galaxies (E-S0a's) with time is mainly due to major mergers, reaching opposite conclusions. We have tested it directly through semi-analytical modelling, by studying how the massive early-type galaxies with log(M_*/Msun)>11 at z~0 (mETGs) would have evolved backwards-in-time, under the hypothesis that each major merger gives place to an early-type galaxy. The study was carried out just considering the major mergers strictly reported by observations at each redshift, and assuming that gas-rich major mergers experience transitory phases of dust-reddened, star-forming galaxies (DSFs). The model is able to reproduce the observed evolution of the galaxy LFs at z<~1, simultaneously for different rest-frame bands (B, I, and K) and for different selection criteria on color and morphology. It also provides a framework in which apparently-contradictory results on the recent evolution of the luminosity function (LF) of massive, red galaxies can be reconciled, just considering that observational samples of red galaxies can be significantly contaminated by DSFs. The model proves that it is feasible to build up ~50-60% of the present-day mETG population at z<~1 and to reproduce the observational excess by a factor of ~4-5 of late-type galaxies at 0.8<z<1 through the coordinated action of wet, mixed, and dry major mergers, fulfilling global trends that are in general agreement with mass-downsizing. The bulk of this assembly takes place during ~1 Gyr elapsed at 0.8<z<1. The model suggests that major mergers have been the main driver for the observational migration of mass from the massive-end of the blue galaxy cloud to that of the red sequence in the last ~8 Gyr.(Abridged)Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics; 21 pages, 8 figures. Minor corrections included, shortened title. Results and conclusions unchange

Mastering the Hard Stuff: The History of College Concrete-Canoe Races and the Growth of Engineering Competition Culture

This article details the history of college engineering competitions, originating with student concrete-canoe racing in the 1970s, through today’s multi-million-dollar international multiplicity of challenges. Despite initial differences between engineering educators and industry supporters over the ultimate purpose of undergraduate competitions, these events thrived because they evolved to suit many needs of students, professors, schools, corporations, professional associations, and the engineering profession itself. The twenty-first-century proliferation of university-level competitions in turn encouraged a trickling-down of technical contests to elementary-age children and high schools, fostering the institutionalization of what might be called a competition culture in engineering

The Seventeenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Complete Release of MaNGA, MaStar and APOGEE-2 Data

This paper documents the seventeenth data release (DR17) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys; the fifth and final release from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). DR17 contains the complete release of the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey, which reached its goal of surveying over 10,000 nearby galaxies. The complete release of the MaNGA Stellar Library (MaStar) accompanies this data, providing observations of almost 30,000 stars through the MaNGA instrument during bright time. DR17 also contains the complete release of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) survey which publicly releases infra-red spectra of over 650,000 stars. The main sample from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), as well as the sub-survey Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS) data were fully released in DR16. New single-fiber optical spectroscopy released in DR17 is from the SPectroscipic IDentification of ERosita Survey (SPIDERS) sub-survey and the eBOSS-RM program. Along with the primary data sets, DR17 includes 25 new or updated Value Added Catalogs (VACs). This paper concludes the release of SDSS-IV survey data. SDSS continues into its fifth phase with observations already underway for the Milky Way Mapper (MWM), Local Volume Mapper (LVM) and Black Hole Mapper (BHM) surveys

Coleman and Coleman mercantile records, W.0051

Abstract: Two ledgers documenting sales made at the Coleman, Hearst, and Company mercantile, also named Coleman and Coleman, located in Richmond, Alabama, in the 1860s.Scope and Content Note: These two ledgers document sales made at the Coleman, Hearst, and Company Mercantile, located in Richmond, Alabama, in the 1860s. In January 1862, the store was renamed Coleman and Coleman. The first ledger contains entries dated between December 1861 to January 1862, and the second ledger contains entries from December 1861 to May 1862. Both ledgers contain descriptions of purchases made by customers.Biographical/Historical Note: Coleman, Hearst, and Company was a mercantile store located in Richmond, Alabama, in the 1860s. The store was owned and managed by A. W. Coleman, A. M. Coleman, and Joseph Zeb Hearst. In January 1862, the store was renamed Coleman and Coleman

Rapid Alterations in Perirenal Adipose Tissue Transcriptomic Networks with Cessation of Voluntary Running.

In maturing rats, the growth of abdominal fat is attenuated by voluntary wheel running. After the cessation of running by wheel locking, a rapid increase in adipose tissue growth to a size that is similar to rats that have never run (i.e. catch-up growth) has been previously reported by our lab. In contrast, diet-induced increases in adiposity have a slower onset with relatively delayed transcriptomic responses. The purpose of the present study was to identify molecular pathways associated with the rapid increase in adipose tissue after ending 6 wks of voluntary running at the time of puberty. Age-matched, male Wistar rats were given access to running wheels from 4 to 10 weeks of age. From the 10th to 11th week of age, one group of rats had continued wheel access, while the other group had one week of wheel locking. Perirenal adipose tissue was extracted, RNA sequencing was performed, and bioinformatics analyses were executed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). IPA was chosen to assist in the understanding of complex 'omics data by integrating data into networks and pathways. Wheel locked rats gained significantly more fat mass and significantly increased body fat percentage between weeks 10-11 despite having decreased food intake, as compared to rats with continued wheel access. IPA identified 646 known transcripts differentially expressed (p < 0.05) between continued wheel access and wheel locking. In wheel locked rats, IPA revealed enrichment of transcripts for the following functions: extracellular matrix, macrophage infiltration, immunity, and pro-inflammatory. These findings suggest that increases in visceral adipose tissue that accompanies the cessation of pubertal physical activity are associated with the alteration of multiple pathways, some of which may potentiate the development of pubertal obesity and obesity-associated systemic low-grade inflammation that occurs later in life

Absorption of plutonium fed chronically to rats :

"Operated for the Atomic Energy Commission by the General Electric Company under Contract #W-31-109-Eng-52.""August 10, 1953""HW-28991; Health and Biology"Bibliography: p. 20.Mode of access: Internet