Keyboard with Built-in Calculator

Calculator applications are available for most platforms, e.g., as a built-in feature of an operating system or as an add-on application. Mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, etc. provide software keyboards that can be used for data entry with a touchscreen display. To use a calculator, a user needs to leave a current application includes data or context for a calculation, open the calculator application, and toggle between the two applications to perform a calculation. This is both inconvenient and prone to mistakes as the user loses the context of the original application when switching to the calculator application. Techniques described herein integrate calculator functionality in a software keyboard. Such integration eliminates the need for a user to leave the original application to perform a calculation. The user can enter a query to be calculated, and the corresponding result is displayed as part of the software keyboard user interface, e.g., above the keypad. Results for different types of calculations such as basic arithmetic, unit conversion, etc. are provided by the software keyboard

User Interface To Present Query Responses Separated By Data Sources

Pieces of information that are responsive to user queries are typically personalized to the user. Information delivered in response to the user’s query can be derived from a variety of data sources, some of which are on the user’s device and some that are online. However, the response is typically delivered independent of the underlying data source from which the information is obtained. As a result, the user interface that shows the results does not enable a user to determine whether the response is based on public or user-specific information and whether it was retrieved from online or local data sources. This disclosure presents UI techniques that provide a visual mechanism to help surface the underlying source(s) of data from which responses to the user’s query are derived

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Sardinia

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Diversity in warning coloration: selective paradox or the norm?

Aposematic theory has historically predicted that predators should select for warning signals to converge on a single form, as a result of frequency-dependent learning. However, widespread variation in warning signals is observed across closely related species, populations and, most problematically for evolutionary biologists, among individuals in the same population. Recent research has yielded an increased awareness of this diversity, challenging the paradigm of signal monomorphy in aposematic animals. Here we provide a comprehensive synthesis of these disparate lines of investigation, identifying within them three broad classes of explanation for variation in aposematic warning signals: genetic mechanisms, differences among predators and predator behaviour, and alternative selection pressures upon the signal. The mechanisms producing warning coloration are also important. Detailed studies of the genetic basis of warning signals in some species, most notably Heliconius butterflies, are beginning to shed light on the genetic architecture facilitating or limiting key processes such as the evolution and maintenance of polymorphisms, hybridisation, and speciation. Work on predator behaviour is changing our perception of the predator community as a single homogenous selective agent, emphasising the dynamic nature of predator-prey interactions. Predator variability in a range of factors (e.g. perceptual abilities, tolerance to chemical defences, and individual motivation), suggests that the role of predators is more complicated than previously appreciated. With complex selection regimes at work, polytypisms and polymorphisms may even occur in Mullerian mimicry systems. Meanwhile, phenotypes are often multifunctional, and thus subject to additional biotic and abiotic selection pressures. Some of these selective pressures, primarily sexual selection and thermoregulation, have received considerable attention, while others, such as disease risk and parental effects, offer promising avenues to explore. As well as reviewing the existing evidence from both empirical studies and theoretical modelling, we highlight hypotheses that could benefit from further investigation in aposematic species. Finally by collating known instances of variation in warning signals, we provide a valuable resource for understanding the taxonomic spread of diversity in aposematic signalling and with which to direct future research. A greater appreciation of the extent of variation in aposematic species, and of the selective pressures and constraints which contribute to this once-paradoxical phenomenon, yields a new perspective for the field of aposematic signalling.Peer reviewe

Female color preferences, ecological selection, and the evolution of male coloration in darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae)

Since Charles Darwin's initial observations and hypotheses, the evolution of elaborate male coloration in sexually dichromatic species has been the subject of great interest. Of particular recent interest is how sexual and ecological selection interact to shape variation in male coloration between closely-related species. Using darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae), a group of fishes that vary in male coloration as a model system, my goal is to determine how sexual and ecological selection interact to shape variation in male coloration between as well as within species lineages. In Chapter 1, I used reflectance spectrophotometry to examine correlations between spectral properties of orange and blue pigmentation in the rainbow darter, Etheostoma caeruleum, with parasite load and observed a correlation between the chroma of orange bars with parasite counts. In Chapter 2, I quantified color preferences in the darter genus Etheostoma to determine if the strengths of attraction to different colors coincided with variation in male coloration between species. The females of most achromatic species exhibited no significant color preferences, while chromatic species varied in preferences, with a positive association between the presence of red or orange on the flanks and preference for red detected across all species. In Chapter 3 I utilized phylogenetic comparative approaches and a laboratory experiment of predator color preferences to quantify the role of ecological variables in shaping variation in male coloration in darters. Compared to achromatic species, chromatic darters tend to inhabit environments where predation risk would be lower; specifically, shallower, faster-flowing upland streams with a lower number of overlapping predatory species. Additionally, a common darter predator, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), exhibited significant preferences for red stimuli in a color choice experiment. Finally, in Chapter 4 I investigated color and size correlations, as well as male and female preferences for different sized and colored mates, in the Roanoke darter, Percina roanoka. Using digital photography I found correlations between size and color, but no preferences for larger or more colorful mates were observed in either sex. The results of this dissertation suggest that sexual and ecological selection do interact to shape color variation between darter species

Female color preferences, ecological selection, and the evolution of male coloration in darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae)

Since Charles Darwin's initial observations and hypotheses, the evolution of elaborate male coloration in sexually dichromatic species has been the subject of great interest. Of particular recent interest is how sexual and ecological selection interact to shape variation in male coloration between closely-related species. Using darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae), a group of fishes that vary in male coloration as a model system, my goal is to determine how sexual and ecological selection interact to shape variation in male coloration between as well as within species lineages. In Chapter 1, I used reflectance spectrophotometry to examine correlations between spectral properties of orange and blue pigmentation in the rainbow darter, Etheostoma caeruleum, with parasite load and observed a correlation between the chroma of orange bars with parasite counts. In Chapter 2, I quantified color preferences in the darter genus Etheostoma to determine if the strengths of attraction to different colors coincided with variation in male coloration between species. The females of most achromatic species exhibited no significant color preferences, while chromatic species varied in preferences, with a positive association between the presence of red or orange on the flanks and preference for red detected across all species. In Chapter 3 I utilized phylogenetic comparative approaches and a laboratory experiment of predator color preferences to quantify the role of ecological variables in shaping variation in male coloration in darters. Compared to achromatic species, chromatic darters tend to inhabit environments where predation risk would be lower; specifically, shallower, faster-flowing upland streams with a lower number of overlapping predatory species. Additionally, a common darter predator, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), exhibited significant preferences for red stimuli in a color choice experiment. Finally, in Chapter 4 I investigated color and size correlations, as well as male and female preferences for different sized and colored mates, in the Roanoke darter, Percina roanoka. Using digital photography I found correlations between size and color, but no preferences for larger or more colorful mates were observed in either sex. The results of this dissertation suggest that sexual and ecological selection do interact to shape color variation between darter species

Female color preferences, ecological selection, and the evolution of male coloration in darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae)

Since Charles Darwin's initial observations and hypotheses, the evolution of elaborate male coloration in sexually dichromatic species has been the subject of great interest. Of particular recent interest is how sexual and ecological selection interact to shape variation in male coloration between closely-related species. Using darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae), a group of fishes that vary in male coloration as a model system, my goal is to determine how sexual and ecological selection interact to shape variation in male coloration between as well as within species lineages. In Chapter 1, I used reflectance spectrophotometry to examine correlations between spectral properties of orange and blue pigmentation in the rainbow darter, Etheostoma caeruleum, with parasite load and observed a correlation between the chroma of orange bars with parasite counts. In Chapter 2, I quantified color preferences in the darter genus Etheostoma to determine if the strengths of attraction to different colors coincided with variation in male coloration between species. The females of most achromatic species exhibited no significant color preferences, while chromatic species varied in preferences, with a positive association between the presence of red or orange on the flanks and preference for red detected across all species. In Chapter 3 I utilized phylogenetic comparative approaches and a laboratory experiment of predator color preferences to quantify the role of ecological variables in shaping variation in male coloration in darters. Compared to achromatic species, chromatic darters tend to inhabit environments where predation risk would be lower; specifically, shallower, faster-flowing upland streams with a lower number of overlapping predatory species. Additionally, a common darter predator, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), exhibited significant preferences for red stimuli in a color choice experiment. Finally, in Chapter 4 I investigated color and size correlations, as well as male and female preferences for different sized and colored mates, in the Roanoke darter, Percina roanoka. Using digital photography I found correlations between size and color, but no preferences for larger or more colorful mates were observed in either sex. The results of this dissertation suggest that sexual and ecological selection do interact to shape color variation between darter species

Revised diagnosis of the genus Gonorhynchus McClelland (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Labeonini) with redescription of G. latius (Hamilton) and revalidation of G. wattanah (Sykes)

Ciccotto, Patrick J., Page, Lawrence M. (2016): Revised diagnosis of the genus Gonorhynchus McClelland (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Labeonini) with redescription of G. latius (Hamilton) and revalidation of G. wattanah (Sykes). Zootaxa 4127 (3): 471-492, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.3.

Comment on " On Gonorynchus, Gonorhynchus, Gonorinchus, Gonorhinchus, and Gonorrhynchus, and some other names of labeonine fishes (Teleostei: Gonorhynchidae and Cyprinidae) " by Kottelat (2016)

Ciccotto, Patrick J., Page, Lawrence M. (2017): Comment on " On Gonorynchus, Gonorhynchus, Gonorinchus, Gonorhinchus, and Gonorrhynchus, and some other names of labeonine fishes (Teleostei: Gonorhynchidae and Cyprinidae) " by Kottelat (2016). Zootaxa 4226 (3): 447-448, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4226.3.