Analysis of intermittency in submillimeter radio and hard x-ray data during the impulsive phase of a solar flare

We present an analysis of intermittent processes occurring during the impulsive phase of the flare SOL2012-03-13, using hard X-rays and submillimeter radio data. Intermittency is a key characteristic in turbulent plasmas and has so far only been analyzed for hard X-ray data. Since in a typical flare the same accelerated electron population is believed to produce both hard X-rays and gyrosynchrotron radiation, we compare the two time profiles by searching for intermittency signatures. For this, we define a cross-wavelet power spectrum, which is used to obtain the local intermittency measure, or LIMLIM. When greater than three, the square LIMLIM coefficients indicate a local intermittent process. The LIM2LIM2 coefficient distribution in time and scale helps to identify avalanche or cascade energy release processes. We find two different and well-separated intermittent behaviors in the submillimeter data: for scales greater than 20 s, a broad distribution during the rising and maximum phases of the emission seems to favor a cascade process; for scales below 1 s, short pulses centered on the peak time are representative of avalanches. When applying the same analysis to hard X-rays, we find that only the scales above 10 s produce a distribution related to a cascade energy fragmentation. Our results suggest that different acceleration mechanisms are responsible for tens of keV and MeV energy ranges of electrons

Evaluation of nitrogen fixation and soil microorganisms in soybean under conventional and minimal cultivation regimes

A greenhouse experiment was set up to evaluate the effect of different cultural practices on the activity of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and of other soil microorganisms involved in nutrient cycling. The soil used was from a field experiment that consisted of continuous soybean or corn-soybean rotations as summer crops, with oats or Crotalaria juncea as winter crops. Treatments totaled eight cropping system regimes includig the coventional and minimal cultivation. Soil from a nearby natural forest was used as control. There were six replicate pots for each treatment, three of which were additionally inoculated with K japonicum inoculum when soybeans were sown. Plants were harvested at flowering and shoot dry matter and nitrogen concentration were determined, as well as nodule number, nodule weight and percent mycorrhizal colonization of roots. Soil samples from each field treatment that had been kept in the refrigerator were evaluated to determine the total number of bacteria, fungi, cellulolytic microorganisms and nitrifying bacteria. Soybeans grown in soil from minimal cultivation plots and from crop rotations demonstrated significantly greater nodulation and larger cellulolytic populations. Other microbial groups were not highly affected. Percent mycorrhizal infection of roots was extremely low in all treatments, probably due to the high available phosphate levels in all soils.Para avaliar o efeito do manejo do solo e de culturas sobre a atividade de Bradyrhizobium japonicum e de outros microrganismos importantes na ciclagem de nutrientes do solo, montou-se um experimento em casa de vegetação utilizando solo de um ensaio de campo com sistemas de manejo de resíduos e preparo bem distintos, como plantio direto e preparo convencional com arado de discos e diferentes rotações de cultura. O solo é um latossolo roxo distrófico, A moderado, textura argilosa. As culturas utilizadas no ensaio de campo foram soja contínua e em rotação com milho, sempre após aveia preta e Crolalaria juncea no outono-inverno, perfazendo portanto oito sistemas de manejo. Como testemunha, utilizou-se o solo de uma mata localizada próxima do experimento de campo. Prepararam-se seis vasos com solo de cada tratamento, sendo que em três foi semeada soja com sementes inoculadas com B. japonicum e nos outros três soja sem inoculação. No início do florescimento fez-se a colheita das plantas para análise de N na parte aérea, determinação dos nódulos e micorrização. Em amostras de solo de todos os tratamentos, guardadas em geladeira, fez-se a quantificação de bactérias e fungos totais, bem como de microrganismos celulolíticos, amonifícadores, nitritadores e nitratadores. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que o solo do plantio direto e o sistema de rotação levaram a significativos aumentos da nodulação. O solo do plantio direto apresentou também maiores populações de celulolíticos, não havendo diferença para outros tipos de microrganismos. Não houve diferença entre tratamentos para a micorrização, que apresentou valores muito baixos, provavelmente devido ao alto nível de fósforo no solo

Effect of several calcium sources on cation leaching using soil columns

Soil columns under controlled conditions were used to determine the movement of calcium and other cations after the application of lime, calcium oxide, gypsum and a mixture of Ume and gypsum, compared with a control treatment. Two Oxisols with different textures were used: clayey and silty. Rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) columns (length, 45cm; diam, 5cm) were used, applying 1.8 1 of water to each divided into four applications. Exchangeable cations were determined in the drainage water in 4 periods and in 5 dephts of the soil columns at the end of the experiment. The results showed that losses of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and A1(3+), were higher in the treatments with gypsum and lime plus gypsum. Amendments h'ke lime and calcium oxide did not promote significant losses of cations. Large losses occured in the silty and clayey soils in the first and second drainage times respectively. Gypsum did not modify the pH of both soils, but reduced cation amounts mainly in the clayey soil. Lime and calcium oxide raised the pH only near the application layer.No estudo realizado em colunas de solo montadas em laboratório, procurou-se avaliar o movimento do cálcio, e de outros cátions, após aplicação de calcário agrícola, gesso, calcário calcinado e uma mistura de calcário agrícola e gesso, comparados com um tratamento testemunha, em dois latossolos vermelho escuros de texturas diferentes: média e argilosa. Utilizaram-se colunas de PVC, com 5cm de diâmetro e 45cm de altura, e aplicaram-se em cada coluna 1,8 litros de água, parcelados em quatro vezes. Determinaram-se os cátions trocáveis presentes na água percolada e, no final do experimento, em cinco profundidades de cada solo. Os resultados mostraram que nos tratamentos gesso e calcário mais gesso as quantidades de Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ e Al3+ na solução percolada foram maiores, enquanto que os tratamentos calcário agrícola e calcário calcinado não promoveram perdas significativas de cátions. As maiores perdas ocorreram na primeira percolação no solo de textura média e na segunda no solo de textura argilosa. O gesso não modificou o pH dos solos, mas reduziu teores de bases no solo argiloso, enquanto que os calcários corrigiram o solo apenas próximo à camada de incorporação

Estudos sobre a nutrição mineral do arroz: XXV. Exigências nutricionais da variedade Dourado Precoce

Rice plants, Dourado Precoce, were grown in nutrient solution in order to study its nutritional requirement as well as the accumulation of dry matter and macro and micronutrients (excet Mo) during the life cycle. Demand for mineral elements followed the following decreasing order: macronutrients -K, N, Ca, Mg and S; micronutrients - Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B. Dry matter yield reached a maximun 100 days after germination (DAG), whereas accumulation of elements showed the geghest values at largest (140 DAG).Em condições de solução nutritiva foi cultivado o arroz Dourado Precoce com a finalidade de se estudar a marcha de absorção de nutrientes e as exigências minerais. Verificou-se que as exigências minerais obedecem a seguinte ordem decrescente: macronutrientes -K, N, Ca, Mg e S; micronutrientes -Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn e B. A produção de matéria seca atingiu o pico aos 100 dias após a germinação (DAG). A acumulação de macro e micronutrientes na planta foi, entretanto, máxima no fim do ciclo (140 DAG)

Soil organisms in organic and conventional cropping systems.

Apesar do crescente interesse pela agricultura orgânica, são poucas as informações de pesquisa disponíveis sobre o assunto. Assim, num Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico foram comparados os efeitos de sistemas de cultivo orgânico e convencional, para as culturas do tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum) e do milho (Zea mays), sobre a comunidade de organismos do solo e suas atividades. As populações de fungos,bactérias e actinomicetos, determinadas pela contagem de colônias em meio de cultura, foram semelhantes para os dois sistemas de produção. A atividade microbiana, avaliada pela evolução de CO2, manteve-se superior no sistema orgânico, sendo que em determinadas avaliações foi o dobro da evolução verificada no sistema convencional. O número de espécimes de minhoca foi praticamente dez vezes maior no sistema orgânico. Não foi observada diferença na taxa de decomposição de matéria orgânica entre os dois sistemas. De modo geral, o número de indivíduos de microartrópodos foi superior no sistema orgânico do que no sistema convencional, refletindo no maior índice de diversidade de Shannon. As maiores populações de insetos foram as da ordem Collembola, enquanto para os ácaros a maior população foi a da superfamília Oribatuloidea. Indivíduos dos grupos Aranae, Chilopoda, Dyplopoda, Pauropoda, Protura e Symphyla foram ocasionalmente coletados e de forma similar entre os sistemas

Photoinduced antibacterial activity of the essential oils from Eugenia brasiliensis lam and Piper mosenii C. DC. by blue led light

The objective of this work was to evaluate the phytochemical composition and the antibacterial and antibiotic-modulating activities of the essential oils of Eugenia brasiliensis Lam (OEEb) and Piper mosenii C. DC (OEPm) singly or in association with blue LED (Light-emitting diode) light. The antibacterial and antibiotic-modulatory activities of the essential oils on the activity of aminoglycosides were evaluated to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, \u3bcg/mL) in the presence or absence of exposure to blue LED light. The chemical analysis showed \u3b1-pinene and bicyclogermacrene as major constituents of OEPm, whereas \u3b1-muurolol was the main compound of OEEb. Both OEEb and OEPm showed MIC 65 512 \u3bcg/mL against the strains under study. However, the association of these oils with the blue LED light enhanced the action of the aminoglycosides amikacin and gentamicin. In conclusion, the association of aminoglycosides with the blue LED light and essential oils was effective against resistant bacteria

The Klein-Gordon equation with the Kratzer potential in d dimensions

We apply the Asymptotic Iteration Method to obtain the bound-state energy spectrum for the d-dimensional Klein-Gordon equation with scalar S(r) and vector potentials V(r). When S(r) and V(r) are both Coulombic, we obtain all the exact solutions; when the potentials are both of Kratzer type, we obtain all the exact solutions for S(r)=V(r); if S(r) > V(r) we obtain exact solutions under certain constraints on the potential parameters: in this case, a possible general solution is found in terms of a monic polynomial, whose coefficients form a set of elementary symmetric polynomials.Comment: 13 page

Search for direct production of charginos and neutralinos in events with three leptons and missing transverse momentum in √s = 7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for the direct production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with three electrons or muons and missing transverse momentum is presented. The analysis is based on 4.7 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data delivered by the Large Hadron Collider and recorded with the ATLAS detector. Observations are consistent with Standard Model expectations in three signal regions that are either depleted or enriched in Z-boson decays. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set in R-parity conserving phenomenological minimal supersymmetric models and in simplified models, significantly extending previous results