Gestión integral de residuos sólidos

La cartilla 1 considera la evolución histórica de la generación y manejo de los residuos sólidos, haciendo una corta reseña de la forma como el hombre desde la antigüedad hasta nuestros días ha realizado el manejo de los residuos. Aquí también se referencian los marcos legales e institucionales, existentes en Colombia partiendo desde la Ley 23 de 1973 hasta el Decreto 2981 del 20 de diciembre del 2013, además se muestra la estructura institucional para el manejo de los residuos sólidos a nivel nacional. En un tercer momento académico, se definen términos como el manejo integral y sustentable de los residuos sólidos, los planes de manejo integral de residuos sólidos PMIRS y la clasificación de los residuos sólidos según su origen y tipo de manejo.El contenido de los documentos publicados en el repositorio, es de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores y no expresa necesariamente, el pensamiento de la Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina.UNIDAD 1 Gestión de los residuos sólidos -- UNIDAD 2 Cadena de generación de residuos -- UNIDAD 3 Sistema de manejo de residuos sólidos -- UNIDAD 4 Planes de gestión integral de residuos (PGIRS) -

Efecto bioconservante del propóleo y su aplicación en la conservación de matrices cárnicas

Antecedentes: los conservantes de origen sintético, como nitratos y nitritos, empleados en la industria alimentaria para la conservación de matrices cárnicas, han reportado efectos desfavorables a largo plazo en la salud de los consumidores recurrentes. Objetivo: conocer las características fisicoquímicas y antimicrobianas del propóleo como potencial bioconservante en matrices cárnicas de alto consumo. Materiales y métodos: se desarrolló una revisión bibliográfica de literatura acorde a la pregunta problema planteada por el grupo de investigación, y se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en las bases de datos Scopus, NCBI, SciELO, ScienceDirect y Google Scholar de artículos de revisión, artículos científicos, libros y trabajos de grado. Resultados: el propóleo es un compuesto natural con una variedad amplia de elementos útiles para la conservación de matrices cárnicas, por sus propiedades antimicrobianas y antioxidantes. Conclusiones: el propóleo presenta propiedades antimicrobianas y antioxidantes útiles en el campo de la industria alimentaria, por lo que se considera una de las alternativas más viables para la conservación de productos cárnicos y la disminución del uso de conservantes sintéticos en producción cárnica. No obstante, es fundamental el desarrollo de más investigaciones que permitan evaluar el comportamiento de los compuestos activos del propóleo en las diversas matrices cárnicas

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Evaluación de los polimorfismos de nucleotido simple asociados a cambios en el color de la carne en ganados bos indicus y cruces con bos taurus

La palatabilidad de la carne comprende muchos factores como el aspecto, el color, el sabor, la jugosidad y la dureza, los cuales se asocian a la calidad sensorial. Actualmente existe una tendencia hacia el bajo consumo de carne, dado por los elevados precios y en muchas ocasiones por la inadecuada calidad. El color de la carne constituye el primer atributo sensorial que recibe el consumidor en el momento de tomar la decisión para la compra, un óptimo color le otorga a la carne propiedades de calidad apetecidas comercialmente. El color de la carne tiene una influencia tanto de los componentes genéticos como de los factores ambientales (condiciones antemortem y postmortem, la química del músculo y muchos factores relacionados con el procesamiento de la carne, almacenamiento y maduración), sin embargo, en bovinos específicamente, los efectos genéticos han sido poco estudiados. Uno de los enfoques en los sistemas de producción de carne es el mejoramiento de este atributo a partir de la identificación de variantes alélicas de genes específicos del músculo o de aquellas que participen en procesos biológicos relacionados con el postmortem. De este modo, en el presente proyecto se contempló el análisis de mutaciones en los genes Calpaína 1 (CAPN1), Calpastatina (CAST), Subunidad Gamma 3 de la proteína - kinasa AMP activada (PRKAG3), Rianodina (RYR1) y la Mioglobina (MB), a partir de la búsqueda de SNPs en 164 novillos proveniente del cruce entre animales Bos indicus X Bos indicus y Bos taurus X Bos indicus. Se calcularon las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas, el equilibrio de Hardy Weinberg y el estadístico Fis. A partir de los datos fenotípicos se evalúo la influencia de los tiempos de maduración (7, 14 y 21 días), el cruce y la interacción entre cruce y maduración sobre los índices colorimétricos (L*, a*, b*, C* y hab) en los músculos Longissimus dorsi (LD) y Semitendinosus (ST), haciendo uso del método CIELAB; los datos fueron analizados mediante el programa estadístico SAS, identificándose el efecto del cruce y la maduración tanto en el músculo LD como ST, sobre los parámetros de color. Finalmente se realizó el estudio de asociación encontrándose que varios SNP de cada gen estaban asociados significativamente con los rasgos de color (p≤0,05). En el modelo también fue evaluado el efecto del cruce, la maduración y las interacciones (cruce *Maduración, cruce *Marcador, Marcador*Maduración, Marcador*Maduración* cruce) las cuales no presentaron significancia para ningún índice colorimétrico en los músculos LD y ST. Con los resultados obtenidos en este estudio fue posible evidencia que los genes CAPN1, CAST, MB, PRKAG3 y RYR1 poseen efectos potenciales sobre la característica color de la carne en ganado Bos indicus y sus cruces. Esta es la primera vez que se reporta la asociación de estos genes a características del color de la carne en bovinos, considerándolos por lo tanto, como genes candidatos para este rasgo con el potencial de ser empleados en un programa de mejoramiento genético animal donde la genómica sea la herramienta a ser utilizada.Abstract. Meat palatability involves many factors such as, appearance, color, flavor, juiciness and hardness, which are associated with the sensory quality. At present, there is a low trend toward meat consumption, given by high prices and in many cases by inadequate quality. Meat color is considered the first sensory attribute that consumer receives at the time of purchasing; an optimal color gives meat several quality properties commercially appreciable. Meat color is under the influence of both, the genetic and the environmental factors (antemortem and postmortem conditions, muscle chemistry and many factors related to meat processing, storage and aging), however, specifically bovine genetic effects have been little studied. One approach in beef production systems is the improvement of this attribute from the identification of allelic variants of muscle specific genes or those involved in biological processes associated with postmortem. Thus, in the present project was considered the SNP identification of the Calpain 1 (CAPN1) Calpastatin (CAST), gamma subunit protein 3 AMP activated kinase (PRKAG3) Ryanodine (RYR1) and myoglobin (MB) genes from 164 steers originated by the cross between Bos indicus X Bos indicus and Bos taurus X Bos indicus animals. The allele and genotype frequencies were calculated, as well as, the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium and the statistical Fis. The influence of ageing times (7, 14 and 21 days) was evaluated as from the phenotypic data, crosses and interaction between crossing and maturation on colorimetric rates (L *, a *, b *, C * and hab) in Longissimus dorsi (LD) and Semitendinosus (ST) muscles, using the CIELAB method. Data were analyzed using the SAS statistical program identifying the effect of crossing and maturation of both, LD and ST muscles on color parameters. Finally, the association study showed several SNP of each gene significantly associated with color traits (p≤0.05). The effects of crossing, aging and interactions (crossing vs. Maturation, crossing vs. Marker, Marker vs Maturation, and Maturation vs Marker*crossing) were also evaluated, which showed no significance for any color index within the muscles. The present results evidenced that CAPN1, CAST, MB, PRKAG3 and RYR1 genes, have potential effects on meat color trait in Bos indicus cattle and their crosses. This is the first report about the association of such genes to color traits in beef cattle, considering them as candidate genes for this trait with the potential to be used within an animal breeding program, where genomics is the tool to be used.Resumo. A palatabilidade da carne compreende muitos fatores, como aspecto, coloração, sabor, rugosidade e a dureza, os quais se associam a qualidade sensorial. Atualmente, há uma baixa tendência no consumo de carne, em consequência de preços elevados e em muitas ocasiões, devido a uma qualidade desfavorável. A cor da carne constitui o principal atributo sensorial para o consumidor, sendo este o fator de decisão para realizar a compra; uma ótima cor concede a carne atributos de qualidades comercialmente desejados. A cor da carne possui influência tanto de componentes genéticos quanto de fatores ambientais (condições antemortem e postmortem, a química do músculo e muitos fatores relacionados ao processamento da carne, armazenamento e maturação), não obstante, especificamente em bovinos, os efeitos genéticos têm sido pouco pesquisados. Um dos enfoques do sistema de produção de carne é o melhoramento deste atributo, a partir da identificação de variantes alélicas de genes específicos de músculo, ou que contribuem em processos biológicos relacionados com o postmortem. Deste modo, neste projeto contemplou análises de mutações nos genes Calpaína 1 (CAPN1) , Calpastatina (CAST), Subunidade Gamma 3 da proteína - kinase AMP ativada (PRKAG3), Rianodina (RYR1) e a Mioglobina (MB), a partir da busca de SNPs em 164 novilhos proveniente do cruzamento entre Bos indicus x Bos indicus e Bos taurus x Bos indicus. As frequências alélicas e genotípicas, o equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg e teste estatístico Fis foram calculados. A partir dos dados fenotípicos, foram avaliados a influencia do tempo de maturação (7, 14 e 21 dias), o cruzamento e a interação entre cruzamento e maturação sobre os índices colorimétricos (L*, a*, b*, C* e hab) nos músculos Longissimus dorsi (LD) e Semitendinosus (ST), empregando o método CIELAB; os dados foram analisados com o auxílio do software estatístico SAS, identificando-se o efeito de cruzamento e maturação, em ambos os músculos, nos parâmetros de cor. Finalmente, um estudo de associação foi realizado identificando-se que vários SNPs de cada gene estavam associados significativamente com os índices de cor (p≤0,05). No modelo, também se avaliou o efeito do cruzamento, maturação e as interações (cruzamento*maturação,cruzamento*marcador,marcador*maturação, arcador*maturação* cruzamento), as quais não apresentaram significância para nenhum índice colorimétrico em ambos os músculos. Com os resultados obtidos, foi possível evidenciar que os genes CAPN1, CAST, MB, PRKAG3 e RYR1 possuem efeitos potenciais sobre a característica cor da carne bovina Bos indicus e seus cruzamentos com Bos taurus. Esta é a primeira vez que se reporta a associação dos genes Calpaina, Calpastatina, Mioglobina, Rianodina e PRKAG3 com características de cor da carne de bovinos, considerando-os, portanto, como genes candidatos para esta característica com potencial de serem empregados em um programa de melhoramento genético animal onde a genômica seja uma ferramenta a ser utilizada.Maestrí

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research

Delaying surgery for patients with a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection

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