Agricultura urbana y periurbana como contribución a la estrategia de conservación de la biodiversidad de Heliconias en la región central de Cuba

New ways of sustainable production on urban and peri- urbans areas have contributed to the conservation of species diversity, as to ornamentals plants that belong to family: Heliconiaceae. For this reason we recorded nine species of Heliconia as new accessions from Central Region of Cuba, that were prospected in gardens and yards of national reference as well as from three botanical gardens in central provinces of Cuba (Cienfuegos, Villa Clara and Santi Spíritus), located in forested mountain areas. Molecular corroboration of the species collected was included, as well as a brief description of the morphological and ecological characteristics of these accessions. We show the high commercial potential they have for the island and the contribution to the territorial expansion of these species. In the propagation strategy we considered the micropropagation through biotechnological techniques of tissue culture and in vitro conservation in Cienfuegos Biofactory. The collaboration of universities and the municipal government of Cuba Central region together with the active participation of the farmers have allowed the development of new areas, gardens and home gardens, despite limited resources

Biodiversidad de macrocrustáceos del río Fuerte, Sinaloa, México

The Fuerte river forms large ecosystems in its channel that serve as the habitats for freshwater macrocrustaceans with ecological and economical importance in the Northern area of the state of Sinaloa, Mexico. The objective of this investigation is to generate information about the biodiversity and the spatial patterns of the crustacean community due to the absence of published data of this fauna. Therefore, five sampling stations were established (El Fuerte, San Blas, San Miguel, San José and Las Grullas) along the river channel at different altitudes (m a.s.l.) and distances, beginning at El Fuerte (EI) municipality until its mouth at Las Grullas (EV) in the Ahome municipality. The specific richness was 12 (S=12). Palaemonids and cambarids were the best represented taxa. The diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) was higher (H’=0.92) than the recorded in other Mexican rivers. The Bray Curtis ordination (nMDS) analysis showed that the community was formed by three well defined groups. Macrobrachium tenellum and Potimirin glabra were the most abundant species. Las Grullas sector showed the minor number of individuals, with the presence of species such as Litopenaeus vannamei and Callinectes arcuatus. Furthermore, an exotic species (Procambarus clarkii) was found as well as a species (P. glabra) previously not reported for the region.El río Fuerte, a través de su cauce forma grandes ecosistemas que sirven de hábitat para especies de macrocrustáceos de agua dulce que son de importancia ecológica y económica en la zona norte del estado de Sinaloa, México. El objetivo de esta investigación es generar información acerca de la diversidad de macrocrustáceos y su distribución espacial en el río Fuerte, ya que no existe información publicada al respecto. Se establecieron cinco estaciones de muestreo (El Fuerte, San Blas, San Miguel, San José y Las Grullas) a lo largo de su cauce en función de la altitud (m s.n.m) y distancia entre las mismas, iniciando en el municipio de El Fuerte (EI) hasta su desembocadura en la población de Las Grullas (EV) del municipio de Ahome. La riqueza específica total fue de 12 taxa. Palémonidos y cambáridos fueron los taxa mejor representados. La diversidad (índice de Shannon-Wiener) fue mayor (H ́=0,92) respecto a otros ríos de México. El análisis de ordenación nMDS de Bray Curtis indicó que la comunidad se puede agrupar en tres grupos bien definidos. Macrobrachium tenellum y Potimirim glabra fueron las especies más abundantes. El sector Las Grullas tuvo el menor número de individuos, con presencia de especies como Litopenaeus vannamei y Callinectes arcuatus. Además, se registró la presencia de una especie exótica (Procambarus clarkii) y una no citada previamente para la zona (P. glabra)

Biodiversity of macrocrustaceans of river Fuerte, Sinaloa, Mexico

El río Fuerte, a través de su cauce forma grandes ecosistemas que sirven de hábitat para especies de macrocrustáceos de agua dulce que son de importancia ecológica y económica en la zona norte del estado de Sinaloa, México. El objetivo de esta investigación es generar información acerca de la diversidad de macrocrustáceos y su distribución espacial en el río Fuerte, ya que no existe información publicada al respecto. Se establecieron cinco estaciones de muestreo (El Fuerte, San Blas, San Miguel, San José y Las Grullas) a lo largo de su cauce en función de la altitud (m s.n.m) y distancia entre las mismas, iniciando en el municipio de El Fuerte (EI) hasta su desembocadura en la población de Las Grullas (EV) del municipio de Ahome. La riqueza específica total fue de 12 taxa. Palémonidos y cambáridos fueron los taxa mejor representados. La diversidad (índice de Shannon-Wiener) fue mayor (H´=0,92) respecto a otros ríos de México. El análisis de ordenación nMDS de Bray Curtis indicó que la comunidad se puede agrupar en tres grupos bien definidos. Macrobrachium tenellum y Potimirim glabra fueron las especies más abundantes. El sector Las Grullas tuvo el menor número de individuos, con presencia de especies como Litopenaeus vannamei y Callinectes arcuatus. Además, se registró la presencia de una especie exótica (Procambarus clarkii) y una no citada previamente para la zona (P. glabra).The Fuerte river forms large ecosystems in its channel that serve as the habitats for freshwater macrocrustaceans with ecological and economical importance in the Northern area of the state of Sinaloa, Mexico. The objective of this investigation is to generate information about the biodiversity and the spatial patterns of the crustacean community due to the absence of published data of this fauna. Therefore, five sampling stations were established (El Fuerte, San Blas, San Miguel, San José and Las Grullas) along the river channel at different altitudes (m a.s.l.) and distances, beginning at El Fuerte (EI) municipality until its mouth at Las Grullas (EV) in the Ahome municipality. The specific richness was 12 (S=12). Palaemonids and cambarids were the best represented taxa. The diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) was higher (H’=0.92) than the recorded in other Mexican rivers. The Bray Curtis ordination (nMDS) analysis showed that the community was formed by three well defined groups. Macrobrachium tenellum and Potimirin glabra were the most abundant species. Las Grullas sector showed the minor number of individuals, with the presence of species such as Litopenaeus vannamei and Callinectes arcuatus. Furthermore, an exotic species (Procambarus clarkii) was found as well as a species (P. glabra) previously not reported for the region.Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet

Biodiversidad de macrocrustáceos del río Fuerte, Sinaloa, México

El río Fuerte, a través de su cauce forma grandes ecosistemas que sirven de hábitat para especies de macrocrustáceos de agua dulce que son de importancia ecológica y económica en la zona norte del estado de Sinaloa, México. El objetivo de esta investigación es generar información acerca de la diversidad de macrocrustáceos y su distribución espacial en el río Fuerte, ya que no existe información publicada al respecto. Se establecieron cinco estaciones de muestreo (El Fuerte, San Blas, San Miguel, San José y Las Grullas) a lo largo de su cauce en función de la altitud (m s.n.m) y distancia entre las mismas, iniciando en el municipio de El Fuerte (EI) hasta su desembocadura en la población de Las Grullas (EV) del municipio de Ahome. La riqueza específica total fue de 12 taxa. Palémonidos y cambáridos fueron los taxa mejor representados. La diversidad (índice de Shannon-Wiener) fue mayor (H ́=0,92) respecto a otros ríos de México. El análisis de ordenación nMDS de Bray Curtis indicó que la comunidad se puede agrupar en tres grupos bien definidos. Macrobrachium tenellum y Potimirim glabra fueron las especies más abundantes. El sector Las Grullas tuvo el menor número de individuos, con presencia de especies como Litopenaeus vannamei y Callinectes arcuatus. Además, se registró la presencia de una especie exótica (Procambarus clarkii) y una no citada previamente para la zona (P. glabra)

Same-day initiation of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis among gay, bisexual, and other cisgender men who have sex with men and transgender women in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru (ImPrEP): a prospective, single-arm, open-label, multicentre implementation study.

BACKGROUND: Although gay, bisexual, and other cisgender men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women have the highest HIV burden in Latin America, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) implementation is poor. We aimed to assess the feasibility of same-day oral PrEP delivery in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. METHODS: Implementation PrEP (ImPrEP) was a prospective, single-arm, open-label, multicentre PrEP implementation study conducted in Brazil (14 sites), Mexico (four sites), and Peru (ten sites). MSM and transgender women were eligible to participate if they were aged 18 years or older, HIV-negative, and reported one or more prespecified criteria. Enrolled participants received same-day initiation of daily oral PrEP (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [300 mg] coformulated with emtricitabine [200 mg]). Follow-up visits were scheduled at week 4 and quarterly thereafter. We used logistic regression models to identify factors associated with early loss to follow-up (not returning after enrolment), PrEP adherence (medication possession ratio ≥0·6), and long-term PrEP engagement (attending three or more visits within 52 weeks). This study is registered at the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials, U1111-1217-6021. FINDINGS: From Feb 6, 2018, to June 30, 2021, 9979 participants were screened and 9509 were enrolled (Brazil n=3928, Mexico n=3288, and Peru n=2293). 543 (5·7%) participants were transgender women, 8966 (94·3%) were cisgender men, and 2481 (26·1%) were aged 18-24 years. There were 12 185·25 person-years of follow-up. 795 (8·4%) of 9509 participants had early loss to follow-up, 6477 (68·1%) of 9509 were adherent to PrEP, and 5783 (70·3%) of 8225 had long-term PrEP engagement. Transgender women (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% CI 1·20-2·14), participants aged 18-24 years (1·80, 1·49-2·18), and participants with primary education (2·18, 1·29-3·68) had increased odds of early loss to follow-up. Transgender women (0·56, 0·46-0·70), participants aged 18-24 years (0·52, 0·46-0·58), and those with primary education (0·60, 0·40-0·91) had lower odds of PrEP adherence. Transgender women (0·56, 0·45-0·71), participants aged 18-24 years (0·56, 0·49-0·64), and those with secondary education (0·74, 0·68-0·86) had lower odds of long-term PrEP engagement. HIV incidence was 0·85 per 100 person-years (95% CI 0·70-1·03) and was higher for transgender women, participants from Peru, those aged 18-24 years, Black and mixed-race participants, and participants who were non-adherent to PrEP. INTERPRETATION: Same-day oral PrEP is feasible for MSM and transgender women in Latin America. Social and structural determinants of HIV vulnerability need to be addressed to fully achieve the benefits of PrEP. FUNDING: Unitaid, WHO, and Ministries of Health in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. TRANSLATIONS: For the Portuguese and Spanish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good