Virtual R&D Project Teams: From E-Leadership To Performance

Recent research on virtual teams highlights the importance of high quality relationships to achieve high team performance. For research and development (R&D) virtual project teams, relationships characterized by cooperation and trust are expected to enhance creativity and innovation among team members. The purpose of this paper is to identify variables enabling high quality relationship building in virtual R&D teams and to analyze their influence on team performance. To this end, this study examines the effects of leadership, work organization and communication practices on the quality of the relationship between team members. The theoretical developments are illustrated through a case study of a car development project in a leading French car-making firm, PSA. Our findings show that dynamic and positive leadership plays an important role in enhancing relationships between team members. The results also highlight the importance of synchronous meetings and frequent and regular interaction to build cooperative and trusty relationships leading to high performance

Building A Long Term Relationship Between Manufacturers And Large Retailers: Does Commitment Matter In Morocco?

This paper aims to investigate present evolution in terms of relationship governance between large retailers and manufacturers in distribution channels, with a specific focus on the viability of a shift from a transactional approach to a relational approach in business exchanges. To this end, we investigate the different partners commitment in the specific context of an emerging economy (Morocco). The findings indicate that retailers long term orientation depends far more on their satisfaction and their dependence with respect to their suppliers than on the trust that is built up in their business relationships. Satisfaction is mainly linked to financial gain (margins and turnover generated), but also to the suppliers marketing and logistical performance. Marketing performance concerns the quality of products, their degree of innovation, and the suppliers promotional activity (sales drive and conditions), whilst logistical satisfaction is based on respect for deadlines, regular deliveries and compliance with orders. Very few studies have focused on business relationships between manufacturers and retailers in the specific context of emerging countries like Morocco. The present study is designed to contribute to the debate on the issue via a representative illustration through the lens of an emerging economy with the same socio-cultural background

Institutional Environments And The Internationalization Of Franchise Chains: The Contrasting Cases Of Three North African Countries

Franchising has become a dominant model of retailing in the Western world and is rapidly expanding in emerging countries. This paper is an attempt to explain the significant  differences in the development of franchising in three emerging countries: Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Explanations can be found in the general institutional environment in these countries, including the political and economic environments; governments' willingness to modernize the distribution structures; and the legal and regulatory environments specific to franchising. Our analytical framework is based on institutional theory (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983), a framework that provides further insights beyond the approaches based on economic efficiency (agency theory and the resource scarcity perspective). Based on an analysis of the documents in the major public databases in the three countries, supplemented with field research, we propose an analytical framework that helps explain the uneven developments of franchising in the three North African countries based on the specific institutional environment of each country. This study thus provides empirical evidence supporting the institutional theory of franchise expansion. It appears that institutional theory complements agency theory and resource scarcity theory in explaining the development of franchising in emerging markets: while agency theory and resource scarcity theory explain the motivation of firms to expand internationally through franchising, institutional theory helps explain the success or failure of these firms in the emerging markets they expand to

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. FINDINGS: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. INTERPRETATION: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. FUNDING: WHO

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. Copyright (C) 2021 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Conflito e cooperação no canal de distribuição: análise do discurso como indicador de comportamento estratégico

The thesis analyzes industrial relations in the supply chains of consumer markets. It shows that the transactional and logistical relations of the actors include areas of conflict and cooperation. Speech analysis (Tropes) is implemented in order to analyze the verbatim of managers of multinational companies (L'Oréal, Danone), their logistics providers and their retail customers (Carrefour, Leclerc, Tradimar) to name the main ones. The French Retail Federation (FCD) is also represented on the panel.La thèse analyse les relations industrielles dans les supply chains des marchés de grande consommation. Elle montre que les relations transactionnelles et logistiques des acteurs comportent des zones de conflit et de coopération. L'analyse du discours (Tropes) est mise en oeuvre afin d'analyser les verbatim des managers des entreprises multinationales (L'Oréal, Danone), de leurs prestataires logistiques et de leurs clients distributeurs (Carrefour, Leclerc, Tradimar) pour en citer les principaux. La fédération du commerce de la distribution (FCD) est également représentée dans le panel

Réflexions sur les relations interorganisationnelles : du dépassement de l'antagonisme conflit-coopération à l'émergence de nouvelles démarches collaboratives

Reflections on interorganizational relationships: overcome of conflict-cooperation antagonism and emergence of new collaborative approachesRéflexions sur les relations interorganisationnelles : du dépassement de l'antagonisme conflit-coopération à l'émergence de nouvelles démarches collaborative

Parrainage sportif des banques françaises : Une approche par la congruence

International audienceIn a competitive environment, banks carefully develop communication policies, particularly institutional, with the main objective to provide content in terms of brand image. A tool is the sports sponsorship, a means of communication relevant for banks, provided however that sport sponsorship is well chosen and that there is match between the values conveyed through sport and personality of the bank. We propose a methodology to assess the congruence between the image of sports chosen by 5 French banks and personality of the banks. Our exploratory research is based on a sample of 170 bank customers. Our initial results indicate different levels of congruence between banks, from high-level to low-level of congruence.Dans un environnement de plus en plus concurrentiel, les banques élaborent avec soin des politiques de communication, en particulier institutionnelle, avec comme objectif principal de donner un contenu en termes d’image à leur marque. Un outil privilégié est le parrainage sportif, moyen de communication pertinent, à la condition toutefois que le sport parrainé soit bien choisi c’est à dire qu’il y ait congruence entre les valeurs véhiculées par le sport et la personnalité de la banque. Nous proposons une méthode pour évaluer la congruence des couples banque-sport parrainé. L’étude empirique a consisté en une enquête par questionnaires auprès d’un échantillon de 170 clients de banque. Les résultats indiquent des niveaux de congruence banque-sport parrainé allant de fort à faible pour les 5 banques françaises étudiées

Peut-on désormais parler d’engagement du distributeur dans la relation avec l’industriel ?

Les relations entre grands distributeurs et industriels sont souvent perçues comme conflictuelles, dans le cadre d’une lutte féroce pour le partage de la valeur créée. Pour asseoir son pouvoir de marché, le distributeur développe souvent une vision de court terme, sans aucune volonté de s’engager dans la durée. La littérature insiste pourtant sur l’émergence d’une nouvelle dynamique relationnelle qui rompt avec les modes traditionnellement observés de gouvernance des relations. L’article s’interroge sur la réalité de cette rupture à partir d’une recherche conduite dans un pays émergent, et conclut à l’adoption d’une orientation à long terme par le distributeur, sous un certain nombre de conditions.The relationships between large retailers and manufacturers are often perceived as conflicting, as part of a fierce struggle to get a share of value added. To extend its market power, the large retailer develops a short-term vision of exchange, with no will of long-term commitment. However, the literature insists on the emergence of a new form of relational dynamics that breaks with the old ways of relationship governance. The paper examines the reality of this mutation from a field study conducted in an emerging country, and concludes with the adoption of a long-term orientation by the large retailer, under a number of specific conditions.La relación entre los grandes distribuidores y fabricantes a menudo se percibe como conflictiva, como parte de una lucha encarnizada por el reparto del valor creado. Para construir su mercado, el grande distribuidor desarrolla a menudo una visión a corto plazo sin ningún deseo de participar en la duración. La literatura insiste, sin embargo, en el surgimiento de una nueva relación dinámica que rompa con el antiguo modo de manejar relaciones. El articulo pone en duda la realidad de esta ruptura de las investigaciones realizadas en un pais emergente y concluye con la adopción de una orientacion a largo plazo por parte del grande distribuidor, en virtud de una serie de condiciones