Interactions mère-enfant et le développement durant la petite enfance : un lien causal? : méta-analyse : Les interventions offertes aux mères adolescentes favorisent-elles le développement cognitif de leur enfant? Un examen critique du lien de causalité entre la qualité des interactions mère-enfant et le développement cognitif

Pour aider les familles vulnérables, différentes interventions ont été développées. Elles sont classifiables en trois catégories. La première cible l'amélioration de l'adaptation parentale en offrant du soutien maternel (ASM). La seconde est orientée vers l'amélioration des interactions mère-enfant (AIM/E) en ciblant la sensibilité maternelle manifestée lors d'échanges quotidiens. La troisième, mixte, associe ASM et AIM/E. L'objectif de la méta-analyse est d'évaluer l'efficacité des interventions sur le développement cognitif de l'enfant (DCE) en considérant les trois catégories. L'objectif de l'étude empirique est d'étudier le mécanisme par lequel l'enfant peut bénéficier d'une intervention ciblant les AIM/E qui, selon certains, est plus bénéfique au DCE. L'hypothèse est que la sensibilité maternelle serait un médiateur entre l'intervention et le DCE. Pour la méta-analyse, 23 études d'intervention portant sur les mères adolescentes et leur enfant et rapportant des informations sur l'intervention et le DCE sont répertoriées et codifiées selon leur catégorie d'appartenance. Les résultats montrent que les trois catégories améliorent le DCE, mais différemment : AIM/E + ASM (d=.52) et AIM/E (d=.67) étant plus efficaces que ASM (d=.24). La présence du volet AIM/E favorise davantage le DCE. Pour l'étude empirique, 64 dyades sont réparties aléatoirement. Une intervention ciblant les IM/E est offerte aux dyades du groupe expérimental lorsque l'enfant est âgé entre 3 et 6 mois. Les évaluations de sensibilité maternelle et DCE ont lieu lorsque l'enfant a 7 mois. L'évaluation de l'intervention démontre son efficacité sur le DCE F(1, 62) = 6.03, p < .05 et la sensibilité maternelle F(1, 62) = 3.97, p < .05. Le lien entre le DCE et la sensibilité maternelle est présent F(1, 62) = 4.51, p < .05. Les conditions pour tester l'hypothèse de médiation sont présentes, mais ne permettent pas de la vérifier. Ces résultats corroborent les résultats antérieurs concernant l'efficacité de l'intervention et la difficulté à démontrer la médiation. La présence dans les résultats de conditions nécessaires à l'étude de la médiation laisse penser que les recherches sur le rôle médiateur de la sensibilité maternelle dans les processus de changements observés chez l'enfant devraient se poursuivre pour mieux comprendre comment les interactions parent-enfant peuvent influencer le DCE

Parents’ perceptions of children’s psychosocial adaptation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Québec: Comparison with gifted and non-gifted children

Studies conducted in French Canadian schools following the COVID-19 lockdown report that children in a pandemic might have difficulties adapting. Gifted and twice-exceptional children—who might present special needs in this situation—could have different levels of psychosocial adaptation and mental-health needs than other children. This study assessed the psychosocial adaptation of gifted and twice-exceptional children and compared the adaptation levels of these individuals to those of non-identified gifted children. The results show that 62.5% of the gifted children had generally coped well with pandemic conditions, as did the non-identified gifted children (73.9%). Conversely, 59.5% of twice-exceptional children presented difficulties in adapting to the pandemic situation regardless of subscale (e.g., depression, anxiety, aggressiveness). Accordingly, they exhibited more internalized (p \u3c .001) and externalized (p \u3c .001) behaviors than the non-identified gifted children and more externalized behaviors than the gifted (p = .014). The children in the gifted sample exhibited age and gender differences, with the youngest showing more externalized difficulties than the older children and the boys showing more externalized behaviors than the girls. Taken together, these results suggest that giftedness is not an indication of a propensity for developing skills for adapting to pandemic conditions. It appears that having a neurodevelopmental condition associated with giftedness is more significant because the twice-exceptional children had more difficulty adapting than the non-identified gifted and, on some subscales, than the gifted

Regards d’enseignants québécois sur les élèves doués : points de vue diversifiés

This study examines teachers’ perceptions of gifted students in their class, in a Quebec school service centre, and the influence of personal and contextual variables. The sample consists of 21 primary school teachers (18 women and 3 men). After the lexical analysis carried out with the Alceste software, four specific classes of statements emerge from the teachers’ discourse. In addition, age, teaching cycle, type of class, number of years of experience, involvement in an intervention plan and experience with giftedness predict the heterogeneity of the perceptions of teachers towards giftedness. The results suggest more traditional and stereotypical perceptions of giftedness by teachers. Keywords: perceptions, representations, teachers, giftedness, characteristics, high potential, lexical analysisCette étude s’intéresse aux perceptions des enseignants concernant les élèves doués de leur classe, dans un centre de services scolaire québécois, et à l’influence de certaines variables personnelles et contextuelles sur ces perceptions. L’échantillon se compose de 21 enseignants du primaire (18 femmes et 3 hommes). À l’issue de l’analyse lexicale réalisée avec le logiciel Alceste, quatre classes d’énoncés spécifiques se dégagent du discours des enseignants. L’âge, le cycle d’enseignement, le type de classe, le nombre d’années d’expérience, l’implication dans un plan d’intervention et l’expérience envers la douance constituent des facteurs explicatifs de l’hétérogénéité des perceptions des enseignants envers la douance. Les résultats portent également à croire que des perceptions plus traditionnelles et stéréotypées de la douance persistent chez certains enseignants. Mots-clés : perceptions, représentations, enseignants, douance, caractéristiques, haut potentiel, analyse lexical

Enteroaggregative escherichia coli have evolved independently as distinct complexes within the E. Coli population with varying ability to cause disease

Enteroaggregative E. Coli (EAEC) is an established diarrhoeagenic pathotype. The association with virulence gene content and ability to cause disease has been studied but little is known about the population structure of EAEC and how this pathotype evolved. Analysis by Multi Locus Sequence Typing of 564 EAEC isolates from cases and controls in Bangladesh, Nigeria and the UK spanning the past 29 years, revealed multiple successful lineages of EAEC. The population structure of EAEC indicates some clusters are statistically associated with disease or carriage, further highlighting the heterogeneous nature of this group of organisms. Different clusters have evolved independently as a result of both mutational and recombination events; the EAEC phenotype is distributed throughout the population of E. coli

Transcranial modulation of brain oscillatory responses: A concurrent tDCS–MEG investigation

The physiological mechanisms underlying the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are still largely unknown. To provide novel insight into the neurobiology of tDCS, stimulation was applied concurrently with Magnetoencephalography (MEG). This occurred while participants completed a visuomotor task before, during and after stimulation. Motor beta band (15–30 Hz) and visual gamma band (30–80 Hz) responses were localised using Synthetic Aperture Magnetometry (SAM). The resulting evoked and induced brain oscillatory responses were analysed. A significant reduction of average power was observed in the visual gamma band for anodal compared to sham stimulation. The magnitude of motor evoked responses was also demonstrated to be modulated by anodal tDCS. These results highlight that MEG can be used to draw inferences on the cortical mechanisms of DC stimulation

A qualitative analysis exploring preferred methods of peer support to encourage adherence to a Mediterranean diet in a Northern European population at high risk of cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological and randomised controlled trial evidence demonstrates that adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MD) can reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, methods used to support dietary change have been intensive and expensive. Peer support has been suggested as a possible cost-effective method to encourage adherence to a MD in at risk populations, although development of such a programme has not been explored. The purpose of this study was to use mixed-methods to determine the preferred peer support approach to encourage adherence to a MD. METHODS: Qualitative (focus groups) and quantitative methods (questionnaire and preference scoring sheet) were used to determine preferred methods of peer support. Sixty-seven high CVD risk participants took part in 12 focus groups (60% female, mean age 64 years) and completed a questionnaire and preference scoring sheet. Focus group data were transcribed and thematically analysed. RESULTS: The mean preference score (1 being most preferred and 5 being least preferred) for group support was 1.5, compared to 3.4 for peer mentorship, 4.0 for telephone peer support and 4.0 for internet peer support. Three key themes were identified from the transcripts: 1. Components of an effective peer support group: discussions around group peer support were predominantly positive. It was suggested that an effective group develops from people who consider themselves similar to each other meeting face-to-face, leading to the development of a group identity that embraces trust and honesty. 2. Catalysing Motivation: participants discussed that a group peer support model could facilitate interpersonal motivations including encouragement, competitiveness and accountability. 3. Stepping Stones of Change: participants conceptualised change as a process, and discussed that, throughout the process, different models of peer support might be more or less useful. CONCLUSION: A group-based approach was the preferred method of peer support to encourage a population at high risk of CVD to adhere to a MD. This finding should be recognised in the development of interventions to encourage adoption of a MD in a Northern European population

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Pratiques d’inhumations et mobilier funéraire à l’époque moderne dans l’Allier. Réflexions et perspectives à partir de quelques ensembles issus d’opérations récentes

International audienc

Les stratégies d’intervention offertes aux jeunes mères sont-elles efficaces pour prévenir la maltraitance envers leurs enfants?

Les écrits scientifiques documentent largement le fait que les jeunes mères sont à risque d’inadaptation psychosociale. Par ricochet, cette vulnérabilité affecte également leurs enfants, comme l’indique entre autres aspects un taux de maltraitance plus élevé au sein de ces familles comparativement à celui des populations de mères adultes à faible risque. Afin de contrer ce phénomène de maltraitance, diverses interventions ont été développées au cours des cinq dernières décennies, certaines privilégiant le soutien direct apporté aux jeunes mères et d’autres ciblant à la fois le soutien maternel et les interactions entre la mère et son enfant. Les résultats de ces interventions pour prévenir l’apparition de maltraitance sont variables, certaines études rapportant une grande efficacité alors que d’autres concluent à des résultats faibles, voire nuls. Considérant cette variation, le premier objectif de cette méta-analyse est de vérifier l’efficacité générale des interventions offertes aux jeunes mères pour prévenir la maltraitance envers leurs enfants. L’objectif secondaire est de distinguer si une cible d’intervention engendre un meilleur résultat que l’autre. Une recension systématique a permis d’identifier six études évaluant huit programmes distincts. Les calculs méta-analytiques indiquent une taille d’effet globale (d = -0,29, p = 0,01) démontrant l’efficacité générale des interventions préventives. Plus précisément, les interventions qui ciblent à la fois le soutien maternel et les interactions mère-enfant sont efficaces pour diminuer le taux de maltraitance. Les résultats de cette étude permettront d’orienter les services offerts actuellement en matière de prévention de la maltraitance auprès d’une population de jeunes mères.Scientific literature widely documents the fact that young mothers are at risk of psychosocial maladjustment. In turn, this vulnerability also affects their children, as indicated in particular by a higher maltreatment rate among these families compared to the rate among populations of low-risk adult mothers. In order to counteract this maltreatment phenomenon, several early interventions have been developed during the last five decades, some emphasizing on direct support to young mothers and others focusing both on direct support and on mother-child interactions. The results of such interventions to prevent the onset of child maltreatment vary; some studies report high effectiveness, while others reveal low or null effects. Taking this variation into account, the first objective of the present meta-analysis is to verify the overall effectiveness of early interventions targeting young mothers to prevent maltreatment of their children. The second objective is to determine if one intervention strategy produces better results than the other. A systematic review identified six studies evaluating eight distinct intervention programs. Meta-analytical calculations indicate an overall effect size (d = -0,29, p = 0,01) that demonstrates the general effectiveness of preventative interventions. More specifically, interventions focusing both on maternal support and on mother-child interactions prove effective in lowering child maltreatment rate. The results of the present study stand to promote and improve the services currently being offered in terms of child maltreatment prevention for a population of young mothers