Synthesis of hybridized benzylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazol-isatin derivatives and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation

Introduction: In this research synthesis of hybridized benzylthio-thiadiazol-isatin derivatives has been reported and then the effects of the synthesized compounds were  investigated on cancer cell lines and molecular docking was also studied on proposed receptor. Methods and Results: This project was done in 2 steps that includes the synthesis of new hybrids of thiadiazole-isatin derivatives and characterized by various spectroscopy methods such as "Mass spectroscopy, Infrared spectroscopy, and 1H NMR". To study cytotoxic effects of the compounds, different concentrations of synthesized derivatives were  prepared and tested on the three rank 7 cellular MCF-7 "breast cancer", PC3 "Prostate carcinoma", and SKNMC "Norobelastoma". The method used was MTT that after various stages of the solution and added MTT, the color was measured by the producted formazan during measurements suitable wave. The color ratio was  as equal as  the number of living cells. For comparing the  cytotoxicity we  used doxorubicin as control drug. Conclusions: The most potent of the compounds were 3b, 4c, and 4d against MCF7 cell line, 3b, 4h against PC3 cell line, and 3b,4f, and 4h against SKNMC cell line which seems to be the best ones relative to the control drug. Also we found that treatment with 3b led to  decrease in IC50 and significantly increased cytotoxicity effects of the compound in PC3, SKNMC and MCF7 cells lines

The development of an interventional package on "receptive vocabulary” for cochlear implanted children

Objectives:Due to the shortage of language intervention protocols which specifically concentrate on language acquisition in cochlear implanted children and considering the importance of timely language intervention programs in this group of children, the aim of the present study was to develop an interventional package on “receptive vocabulary” based on the process of vocabulary development in normal children.  Materials and Methods:By reviewing the literature related to language acquisition theories in normal and language disordered children, as well as literature on production of intervention protocols, especially those for language impaired children, and also considering the normal process of language and speech development in normal children, the first draft of the intervention protocol was prepared. Then, with the collaboration of 10 expert pediatricians, speech and language pathologists and linguistic experts as members of a Delphi team, the face and content validity of the intervention protocol was assessed through three Delphi rounds and finally approved.Results:A step by step language intervention protocol entitled “An educational package on receptive vocabulary development of 12-48 months old Persian speaking cochlear implanted children “was developed based on developmental, cognitive and behavioral models and the normal process of language and speech development in children.Conclusion: The interventional package produced is believed to facilitate language acquisition in cochlear implanted children, according to expert qualitative assessment and approval. However, experimental research is required for verification of this assumption

Antibacterial Effects of Chitosan, Formocresol and CMCP as Pulpectomy Medicament on Enterococcus ‎faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus ‎mutans

Introduction: During pulpectomy of primary teeth, cytotoxic medicaments such as formocresol or camphor mono-chlorophenol (CMCP) are used as medicaments. For the first time it is theorized that chitosan can substitute these traditional materials used in pulpectomy of infectious primary teeth. Methods and Materials: This preliminary in vitro study consisted of two separate phases (n=75), each of which assessed the antibacterial effects of chitosan versus formocresol and CMCP and positive/negative controls (n=15) on three bacteria types [Enterococcus ‎faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus ‎mutans, (n=5 per subgroup)]. Phases 1 and 2 concerned respectively with 1- and 7-day effects of these materials. Bacteria were cultured and injected into sterilized canals and colonies were counted. Medicaments were applied and colonies were re-counted after 1 day of treatment (phase 1). Specimens were re-sterilized and re-randomized, and used for phase 2, in which the same procedures were performed for a 7-day period. Effects of agents on bacteria were analyzed statistically (Kruskal-Wallis α=0.05 and Mann-Whitney α=0.017). Results: Treatments reduced bacterial count either after 1 or 7 days (P=0.000). Their effects on different bacteria types were not significant either after 1 or 7 days (P>0.48). Antibacterial efficacies of treatments (indicated by colony reduction) were significantly different, after 7 days (P=0.045). Antibacterial efficacy of chitosan was similar to that of formocresol or CMCP, in both phases [either after 1 or 7 days of treatment (P>0.017). Formocresol and CMCP had similar efficacies in either phase (P>0.017). Conclusions: This preliminary study confirmed the appropriate antibacterial efficacy of chitosan as a medicament in pulpectomy of infectious primary teeth.Keywords: Antibacterial Agents; Camphor Mono-Chlorophenol; Chitosan; CMCP; Enterococcus ‎faecalis; Formocresol; Medicament; Pulpectomy; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus ‎mutan

The Effect of Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride (APF) on the Microleakage of Composite Flow and Fissure Sealant Restorations

Fluoride therapy and fissure sealant are the main methods in the prevention of caries in children. However, even though many studies have reported an increased use of these two tratement, there has been very little research reported on the effectiveness of such use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the topical effect of APF gel on the microleakage of composite resin that is used as fissure sealant. A total of 60 healthy premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic treatment were disinfected and brushed by pumice in accordance with APF composite (Sultan, USA) restorations and treatment instruction and were divided into 4 groups of 15 (4 x 15): Group1) nanohybrid composite (Grandio flow, Voco) + saline, Group2) nanohybrid composite (Grandio flow, Voco) + APF, Group3) microhybrid composite (Arabesk flow, voco) + saline, Group4) microhybrid composite (Arabesk flow, voco) + APF. All samples were subjected to a thermo-cycling process and then were immersed in a methylene blue solution with a 30 second dwell time. The samples were cut and the microleakage was analyzed and sectioned by stereomicroscope (Magnus) at 40x magnification. Data were analyzed by Mann-whitney test. Mann-whitney test indicated that no significant difference exists between the microleakage of groups 1 and 2 (P=0.775), 3 and 4 (P=0.436).Group 4 demonstrated higher microleakage scores than other groups whereas group1 showed the lowest microleakage value when compared with other groups tested. Although the results did not show statistically significant differences, it is suggested that low composite resin and smaller filler particles particularly nanohybrid composites were found to be the best products in this group.But, given the negligible effect of the composites, the non-acidic fluoride material is recommended for composite restorations

Oral health and characteristics of saliva in diabetic and healthy children

BackgroundDiabetes is the most common metabolic disorder. Idiopathic destruction of pancreatic beta cells will result in progressive loss of insulin, increase in ketone bodies, PH reduction and changes in bicarbonate neutralizing system in all body fluids including saliva and the oral cavity.AimsThe aim of this study was to compare the quality and quantity of saliva and oral health in children and adolescents with diabetes compared to healthy children.Methods In this study, 27 diabetic patients (9 males, 18 females, with age range 7–18) were studied. A control group (27 people) were selected from healthy persons with similar age and sexual conditions. The amount of saliva was evaluated in 5 minutes, by non-stimulant collecting, in plastic vials. The PH and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) were measured using paper strip and TAC kit. Oral and dental health was measured using DMFT and MGI indexes.Results Saliva in patients showed less secretion than control group (1.09±0.13, 5.28±0.23, p < 0.01), PH (5.28±0.09, 7.11±0.10, p < 0.001), and total antioxidant capacity was lower (0.36±0.04, 0.5±0.04, p < 0.001) compared to controls group. DMF and MGI indicators were more in patients than in control group (p < 0.001).ConclusionPatients with type 1 diabetes had less secretion, PH and antioxidant defence and as a result had more dental and oral problems compared to healthy children that with higher DMFT and MGI these patients require further training in this field and regularly examinations

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Comparison of Auditory Perception in Cochlear Implanted Children with and without Additional Disabilities

Background: The number of children with cochlear implants who have other difficulties such as attention deficiency and cerebral palsy has increased dramatically. Despite the need for information on the results of cochlear implantation in this group, the available literature is extremely limited. We, therefore, sought to compare the levels of auditory perception in children with cochlear implants with and without additional disabilities. Methods: A spondee test comprising 20 two-syllable words was performed. The data analysis was done using SPSS, version 19. Results: Thirty-one children who had received cochlear implants 2 years previously and were at an average age of 7.5 years were compared via the spondee test. From the 31 children,15 had one or more additional disabilities. The data analysis indicated that the mean score of auditory perception in this group was approximately 30 scores below that of the children with cochlear implants who had no additional disabilities. Conclusion: Although there was an improvement in the auditory perception of all the children with cochlear implants, there was a noticeable difference in the level of auditory perception between those with and without additional disabilities. Deafness and additional disabilities depended the children on lip reading alongside the auditory ways of communication. In addition, the level of auditory perception in the children with cochlear implants who had more than one additional disability was significantly less than that of the other children with cochlear implants who had one additional disability

Expressive Language Development in 45 Cochlear Implanted Children Following 2 Years of Implantation

Objectives: Profound hearing loss encounters children with delay in speech and language. As it is known language acquisition in young deaf children is a lengthy process, but cochlear implanted children have better spoken language skills than if they had not received the device. According to the importance of cochlear implant in deaf child's language development, this study evaluates the effect of different variables on child's language performance. Methods: 45 cochlear implanted children were tested, all of whom had used the device for at least 2 years. In order to evaluate the children, the NEWSHA test which is fitted for Persian speaking children was performed and language development of the children was compared through stepwise discriminant analysis. Results: After evaluation of the effect of different variables like child's age of implantation, participating in rehabilitation classes, parent's cooperation and their level of education, we came to a conclusion that the child's age of implantation and rehabilitation program significantly develop the child's language performance. Discussion: The value of cochlear implant in improvement of deaf children in speech, language perception, production and comprehension is confirmed by different studies which have been done on cochlear implanted children. Also, the present study indicates that language development in cochlear implanted children is highly related to their age of implantation and rehabilitation program

Evaluation of nickel releasing from stainless steel crowns regarding to “trimming”: An in vitro study

Context: Stainless steel crowns (SSCs) are the most durable and effective restorations for the primary teeth. Allergy to nickel as major components is common. Aims: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of pH, time, oral temperature, and SSCs trimming on the nickel releasing. Settings and Design: This in vitro study was done on 18 same size crowns. Subjects and Methods: Group A (without trim 0 and Group B (with trim) were immersed in 5 ml artificial saliva. The amount of nickel releasing in each 18 subgroup composed from 3 pH (3.5, 5, and 6.75) and 3 temperatures (27°C, 37°C, and 47°C) in 3 times (1, 7, and 21 days), was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed by SPSS software (SPSS 20, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) and use of t-test, Duncan, and Tukey's test for analysis of variances. Results were reported with 95% confidence. Results: The amount of nickel releasing reduced with crown trimming, significantly (P = 0.0001). A significant difference was observed in the amount of released nickel in temperature 47°C in comparison with 37°C (P = 0.0001); this measurement was not significant between 47°C and 27°C (P = 0.442). There was no significant difference between concentration of released nickel in 3 pH conditions and also in 3-time situations. The concentration of nickel was lower in trimmed group in comparison to intact group (P = 0.0001). Conclusions: The concentration of released nickel decreased with trimming of margins and increased when temperature increased. Time and pH had no significant effect on released nickel