Australasian Medical Journal

We are delighted to present the Seventh edition of the Australasian Medical Journal (AMJ) for 2025

Rick Steves

[AMJ 2025;18(07):1294]           Editor’s Note  Rick Steves Managing Editor Australasian Medical Journal E-mail: medicalsci@medicineinsights.com                      Sincerely,  Rick Steves Managing Editor Australasian Medical Journal  Dear Readers,  Season’s greetings! We are delighted to present the Seventh edition of the Australasian Medical Journal (AMJ) for 2025. This issue includes a selection of original research paper. In addition, we take this opportunity to reflect on and honour the collective contribution made by our author, reviewers, and editorial team throughout the year. We sincerely thank our readers for their continued interest in AMJ. We understand the lasting challenges posed by the pandemic, and we reaffirm our commitment to maintaining a rigorous, timely peer-review and publication process. Our heartfelt appreciation goes to the editorial team for their dedicated coordination with authors and their oversight of each stage of the publication process. We extend special thanks to our editorial board members, whose steadfast support has played a key role in the journal’s ongoing success. We also gratefully acknowledge our peer reviewers for their time and dedication in upholding the journal’s standards of scientific integrity and quality. AMJ was established to guide and support emerging researchers—especially from developing countries—through the complexities of academic publishing. We remain committed to that mission. At the same time, we are proud to see continued submissions from distinguished researchers across Australia, the United States, Saudi Arabia, and beyond, reinforcing the journal’s growing global reputation. We look forward with enthusiasm to the continued growth and success of AMJ. We warmly invite you to become part of our community: 1. Join as a peer reviewer or recommend colleagues 2. Submit your research for publication 3. Share the journal with peers and institutions For any inquiries, please contact us at AMJ Editor. Wishing you all the very best for a successful and fulfilling 2025!   Editor’s Note AMJ 2025 18(07) 

EDITOR’S NOTE

We are delighted to present the ninth edition of the Australasian Medical Journal (AMJ) for 2025

Commentary

It is with great pleasure that I present to you the latest issue of the Australasian Medical Journal (AMJ) for the year 2025

Journal Thank you note AMJ 2025 18(08)  [AMJ 2025;18(08):1298]    publication timeliness due to professional services offered by the academic editorial and journal management boards.        Dear Readers,  It is with great pleasure that I present to you the latest issue of the Australasian Medical Journal (AMJ) for the year 2025. Since its establishment in 2008, AMJ has maintained a consistent publication schedule of twelve issues per year, committed to disseminating scholarly, systematic, and peer-reviewed research. Each issue features a diverse range of article types, including original research, review articles, case reports, case studies, letters to the editor, commentaries, and expert opinions. AMJ was founded with a mission to support researchers—particularly from developing countries—in communicating the outcomes of their scientific investigations. We remain deeply committed to that goal. Over time, our journal has also attracted contributions from leading researchers in Australia, Saudi Arabia, China, the United States, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Denmark, and many other countries, reflecting our growing global reputation and commitment to quality. While the journal primarily focuses on advancing medical science and healthcare innovations within the Australasian region, its reach and readership extend worldwide. All published content is widely indexed in various abstracting and indexing databases, ensuring accessibility and global visibility. Currently, AMJ is in the process of compiling the tenth issue of Volume 18. This year, we have proudly published high-quality, peer-reviewed articles on a wide spectrum of topics including: • Oesophageal Carcinoma • Cardiovascular Health • 3D Printing Software Technology • Shear Wave Elastography • Diabetes • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) • Geriatric Medicine • Nutrition Studies • Haemodynamic Studies These topics highlight the pressing medical challenges and dynamic research initiatives underway across the globe. We are also proud of our dedicated editorial board, with strong representation from Australia, which ensures that AMJ remains at the forefront of regional and international research excellence. I extend my heartfelt thanks to all authors who have chosen AMJ as a platform to share their valuable work. My sincere appreciation also goes to our editorial team and peer reviewers, whose professionalism and commitment ensure the timely and high-quality publication of each issue. We look forward to the continued success and growth of the journal. I warmly invite you to join us as a reviewer or to recommend qualified reviewers. We also encourage you to submit your manuscripts to AMJ and share our journal with your colleagues as a trusted venue for publishing impactful medical research. For any inquiries, please feel free to contact us at AMJ Editor.   Journal Thank you note Rick Steves Managing Editor Australasian Medical Journal E-mail: medicalsci@medicineinsights.com  

THANK YOU NOTE

Journal Thank you note AMJ 2025 18(09)  [AMJ 2025;18(09):1301]    publication timeliness due to professional services offered by the academic editorial and journal management boards.        Dear Readers,  It is with great pleasure that I present to you the latest issue of the Australasian Medical Journal (AMJ) for the year 2025. Since its establishment in 2008, AMJ has maintained a consistent publication schedule of twelve issues per year, committed to disseminating scholarly, systematic, and peer-reviewed research. Each issue features a diverse range of article types, including original research, review articles, case reports, case studies, letters to the editor, commentaries, and expert opinions. AMJ was founded with a mission to support researchers—particularly from developing countries—in communicating the outcomes of their scientific investigations. We remain deeply committed to that goal. Over time, our journal has also attracted contributions from leading researchers in Australia, Saudi Arabia, China, the United States, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Denmark, and many other countries, reflecting our growing global reputation and commitment to quality. While the journal primarily focuses on advancing medical science and healthcare innovations within the Australasian region, its reach and readership extend worldwide. All published content is widely indexed in various abstracting and indexing databases, ensuring accessibility and global visibility. Currently, AMJ is in the process of compiling the tenth issue of Volume 18. This year, we have proudly published high-quality, peer-reviewed articles on a wide spectrum of topics including: • Oesophageal Carcinoma • Cardiovascular Health • 3D Printing Software Technology • Shear Wave Elastography • Diabetes • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) • Geriatric Medicine • Nutrition Studies • Haemodynamic Studies These topics highlight the pressing medical challenges and dynamic research initiatives underway across the globe. We are also proud of our dedicated editorial board, with strong representation from Australia, which ensures that AMJ remains at the forefront of regional and international research excellence. I extend my heartfelt thanks to all authors who have chosen AMJ as a platform to share their valuable work. My sincere appreciation also goes to our editorial team and peer reviewers, whose professionalism and commitment ensure the timely and high-quality publication of each issue. We look forward to the continued success and growth of the journal. I warmly invite you to join us as a reviewer or to recommend qualified reviewers. We also encourage you to submit your manuscripts to AMJ and share our journal with your colleagues as a trusted venue for publishing impactful medical research. For any inquiries, please feel free to contact us at AMJ Editor.   Journal Thank you note Rick Steves Managing Editor Australasian Medical Journal E-mail: medicalsci@medicineinsights.com  

[AMJ 2025;18(09):1300]           Editor’s Note  Rick Steves Managing Editor Australasian Medical Journal E-mail: medicalsci@medicineinsights.com                      Sincerely,  Rick Steves Managing Editor Australasian Medical Journal  Dear Readers,  Season’s greetings! We are delighted to present the ninth edition of the Australasian Medical Journal (AMJ) for 2025. This issue includes a selection of original research paper. In addition, we take this opportunity to reflect on and honour the collective contribution made by our author, reviewers, and editorial team throughout the year. We sincerely thank our readers for their continued interest in AMJ. We understand the lasting challenges posed by the pandemic, and we reaffirm our commitment to maintaining a rigorous, timely peer-review and publication process. Our heartfelt appreciation goes to the editorial team for their dedicated coordination with authors and their oversight of each stage of the publication process. We extend special thanks to our editorial board members, whose steadfast support has played a key role in the journal’s ongoing success. We also gratefully acknowledge our peer reviewers for their time and dedication in upholding the journal’s standards of scientific integrity and quality. AMJ was established to guide and support emerging researchers—especially from developing countries—through the complexities of academic publishing. We remain committed to that mission. At the same time, we are proud to see continued submissions from distinguished researchers across Australia, the United States, Saudi Arabia, and beyond, reinforcing the journal’s growing global reputation. We look forward with enthusiasm to the continued growth and success of AMJ. We warmly invite you to become part of our community: 1. Join as a peer reviewer or recommend colleagues 2. Submit your research for publication 3. Share the journal with peers and institutions For any inquiries, please contact us at AMJ Editor. Wishing you all the very best for a successful and fulfilling 2025!   Editor’s Note AMJ 2025 18(09) 

  [AMJ 2025;18(2):1269]                    Dear Readers, Season’s Best to You and Your Loved Ones!                                                                                                                                                                   We are excited to present the second issue of AMJ for 2025, featuring a diverse range of original research papers, case studies, and review articles. This edition highlights the valuable contributions made over the past year. We sincerely thank our readers for their continued support. Maintaining high-quality standards through rigorous peer review remains our priority. Special appreciation goes to the AMJ editorial team for their hard work in managing publications and providing timely feedback. Our heartfelt thanks extend to the editorial board and peer reviewers for their unwavering dedication to ensuring scientific integrity and excellence. Founded to support early-career researchers, especially from developing countries, AMJ remains committed to this mission. We also celebrate growing submissions from researchers worldwide, including Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, and India. We invite you to join our reviewer team, submit your research, or recommend colleagues.  For any inquiries, please contact the AMJ editorial team. Sincerely, Rick Steves Managing Editor  Australasian Medical Journal   Editor’s Note AMJ 2025 18(2) Editor’s Note  Rick Steves Managing Editor Australasian Medical Journal E-mail: medicalsci@medicineinsights.com   

Editor’s Note

Dear Readers,     It is with great pleasure that I present to you the latest issue of the Australasian Medical Journal (AMJ) for the year 2025.  Since its establishment in 2008, AMJ has maintained a consistent publication schedule of twelve issues per year, committed to disseminating scholarly, systematic, and peer-reviewed research. Each issue features a diverse range of article types, including original research, review articles, case reports, case studies, letters to the editor, commentaries, and expert opinions

Journal Thank you note AMJ 2025 18(07)  [AMJ 2025;18(07):1295]    publication timeliness due to professional services offered by the academic editorial and journal management boards.        Dear Readers,  It is with great pleasure that I present to you the latest issue of the Australasian Medical Journal (AMJ) for the year 2025. Since its establishment in 2008, AMJ has maintained a consistent publication schedule of twelve issues per year, committed to disseminating scholarly, systematic, and peer-reviewed research. Each issue features a diverse range of article types, including original research, review articles, case reports, case studies, letters to the editor, commentaries, and expert opinions. AMJ was founded with a mission to support researchers—particularly from developing countries—in communicating the outcomes of their scientific investigations. We remain deeply committed to that goal. Over time, our journal has also attracted contributions from leading researchers in Australia, Saudi Arabia, China, the United States, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Denmark, and many other countries, reflecting our growing global reputation and commitment to quality. While the journal primarily focuses on advancing medical science and healthcare innovations within the Australasian region, its reach and readership extend worldwide. All published content is widely indexed in various abstracting and indexing databases, ensuring accessibility and global visibility. Currently, AMJ is in the process of compiling the tenth issue of Volume 18. This year, we have proudly published high-quality, peer-reviewed articles on a wide spectrum of topics including: • Oesophageal Carcinoma • Cardiovascular Health • 3D Printing Software Technology • Shear Wave Elastography • Diabetes • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) • Geriatric Medicine • Nutrition Studies • Haemodynamic Studies These topics highlight the pressing medical challenges and dynamic research initiatives underway across the globe. We are also proud of our dedicated editorial board, with strong representation from Australia, which ensures that AMJ remains at the forefront of regional and international research excellence. I extend my heartfelt thanks to all authors who have chosen AMJ as a platform to share their valuable work. My sincere appreciation also goes to our editorial team and peer reviewers, whose professionalism and commitment ensure the timely and high-quality publication of each issue. We look forward to the continued success and growth of the journal. I warmly invite you to join us as a reviewer or to recommend qualified reviewers. We also encourage you to submit your manuscripts to AMJ and share our journal with your colleagues as a trusted venue for publishing impactful medical research. For any inquiries, please feel free to contact us at AMJ Editor.   Journal Thank you note Rick Steves Managing Editor Australasian Medical Journal E-mail: medicalsci@medicineinsights.com  

Journal Thank you note AMJ 2025 18(06)  [AMJ 2025;18(06):1292]    publication timeliness due to professional services offered by the academic editorial and journal management boards.        Dear Readers,  It is with great pleasure that I present to you the latest issue of the Australasian Medical Journal (AMJ) for the year 2025. Since its establishment in 2008, AMJ has maintained a consistent publication schedule of twelve issues per year, committed to disseminating scholarly, systematic, and peer-reviewed research. Each issue features a diverse range of article types, including original research, review articles, case reports, case studies, letters to the editor, commentaries, and expert opinions. AMJ was founded with a mission to support researchers—particularly from developing countries—in communicating the outcomes of their scientific investigations. We remain deeply committed to that goal. Over time, our journal has also attracted contributions from leading researchers in Australia, Saudi Arabia, China, the United States, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Denmark, and many other countries, reflecting our growing global reputation and commitment to quality. While the journal primarily focuses on advancing medical science and healthcare innovations within the Australasian region, its reach and readership extend worldwide. All published content is widely indexed in various abstracting and indexing databases, ensuring accessibility and global visibility. Currently, AMJ is in the process of compiling the tenth issue of Volume 18. This year, we have proudly published high-quality, peer-reviewed articles on a wide spectrum of topics including: • Oesophageal Carcinoma • Cardiovascular Health • 3D Printing Software Technology • Shear Wave Elastography • Diabetes • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) • Geriatric Medicine • Nutrition Studies • Haemodynamic Studies These topics highlight the pressing medical challenges and dynamic research initiatives underway across the globe. We are also proud of our dedicated editorial board, with strong representation from Australia, which ensures that AMJ remains at the forefront of regional and international research excellence. I extend my heartfelt thanks to all authors who have chosen AMJ as a platform to share their valuable work. My sincere appreciation also goes to our editorial team and peer reviewers, whose professionalism and commitment ensure the timely and high-quality publication of each issue. We look forward to the continued success and growth of the journal. I warmly invite you to join us as a reviewer or to recommend qualified reviewers. We also encourage you to submit your manuscripts to AMJ and share our journal with your colleagues as a trusted venue for publishing impactful medical research. For any inquiries, please feel free to contact us at AMJ Editor.   Journal Thank you note Rick Steves Managing Editor Australasian Medical Journal E-mail: medicalsci@medicineinsights.com  

We are delighted to present the sixth edition of the Australasian Medical Journal (AMJ) for 2025

[AMJ 2025;18(06):1293]           Editor’s Note  Rick Steves Managing Editor Australasian Medical Journal E-mail: medicalsci@medicineinsights.com                      Sincerely,  Rick Steves Managing Editor Australasian Medical Journal  Dear Readers,  Season’s greetings! We are delighted to present the sixth edition of the Australasian Medical Journal (AMJ) for 2025. This issue includes a selection of original research paper. In addition, we take this opportunity to reflect on and honour the collective contribution made by our author, reviewers, and editorial team throughout the year. We sincerely thank our readers for their continued interest in AMJ. We understand the lasting challenges posed by the pandemic, and we reaffirm our commitment to maintaining a rigorous, timely peer-review and publication process. Our heartfelt appreciation goes to the editorial team for their dedicated coordination with authors and their oversight of each stage of the publication process. We extend special thanks to our editorial board members, whose steadfast support has played a key role in the journal’s ongoing success. We also gratefully acknowledge our peer reviewers for their time and dedication in upholding the journal’s standards of scientific integrity and quality. AMJ was established to guide and support emerging researchers—especially from developing countries—through the complexities of academic publishing. We remain committed to that mission. At the same time, we are proud to see continued submissions from distinguished researchers across Australia, the United States, Saudi Arabia, and beyond, reinforcing the journal’s growing global reputation. We look forward with enthusiasm to the continued growth and success of AMJ. We warmly invite you to become part of our community: 1. Join as a peer reviewer or recommend colleagues 2. Submit your research for publication 3. Share the journal with peers and institutions For any inquiries, please contact us at AMJ Editor. Wishing you all the very best for a successful and fulfilling 2025!   Editor’s Note AMJ 2025 18(06) 

Dear Readers,  It is with great pleasure that I present to you the latest issue of the Australasian Medical Journal (AMJ) for the year 2025. Since its establishment in 2008, AMJ has maintained a consistent publication schedule of twelve issues per year, committed to disseminating scholarly, systematic, and peer-reviewed research. Each issue features a diverse range of article types, including original research, review articles, case reports, case studies, letters to the editor, commentaries, and expert opinions

Journal Thank you note AMJ 2025 18(03)  [AMJ 2025;18(03):1288]    publication timeliness due to professional services offered by the academic editorial and journal management boards.        Dear Readers,  It is with great pleasure that I present to you the latest issue of the Australasian Medical Journal (AMJ) for the year 2025. Since its establishment in 2008, AMJ has maintained a consistent publication schedule of twelve issues per year, committed to disseminating scholarly, systematic, and peer-reviewed research. Each issue features a diverse range of article types, including original research, review articles, case reports, case studies, letters to the editor, commentaries, and expert opinions. AMJ was founded with a mission to support researchers—particularly from developing countries—in communicating the outcomes of their scientific investigations. We remain deeply committed to that goal. Over time, our journal has also attracted contributions from leading researchers in Australia, Saudi Arabia, China, the United States, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Denmark, and many other countries, reflecting our growing global reputation and commitment to quality. While the journal primarily focuses on advancing medical science and healthcare innovations within the Australasian region, its reach and readership extend worldwide. All published content is widely indexed in various abstracting and indexing databases, ensuring accessibility and global visibility. Currently, AMJ is in the process of compiling the tenth issue of Volume 18. This year, we have proudly published high-quality, peer-reviewed articles on a wide spectrum of topics including: • Oesophageal Carcinoma • Cardiovascular Health • 3D Printing Software Technology • Shear Wave Elastography • Diabetes • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) • Geriatric Medicine • Nutrition Studies • Haemodynamic Studies These topics highlight the pressing medical challenges and dynamic research initiatives underway across the globe. We are also proud of our dedicated editorial board, with strong representation from Australia, which ensures that AMJ remains at the forefront of regional and international research excellence. I extend my heartfelt thanks to all authors who have chosen AMJ as a platform to share their valuable work. My sincere appreciation also goes to our editorial team and peer reviewers, whose professionalism and commitment ensure the timely and high-quality publication of each issue. We look forward to the continued success and growth of the journal. I warmly invite you to join us as a reviewer or to recommend qualified reviewers. We also encourage you to submit your manuscripts to AMJ and share our journal with your colleagues as a trusted venue for publishing impactful medical research. For any inquiries, please feel free to contact us at AMJ Editor.   Journal Thank you note Rick Steves Managing Editor Australasian Medical Journal E-mail: medicalsci@medicineinsights.com  

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