Errata: Water Main Break Rates in the USA and Canada: A Comprehensive Study

Page 5 – Major Finding 6 (change also made in text on Page 18): Added “in the reported pipe inventory” to better clarify the percentage reduction Page 6 – Major Finding 14 (change also made in text on Page 31): Changed “six” to “five” years to explain the time elapsed between the 2018 and 2023 studies Page 7 – Major Finding 28 (change also made in text on Page 46): Added “percentage” to better clarify the percentage of acceptance Page 8 – Section 1.1: Updated “(WRF, 2017)” to “(Grigg, 2007)” and “(US Conference of Mayors, 2018)” to “(Anderson, 2018)” Page 25 – Figure 22: Added “in the basic survey” to the note Page 30 – Figure 29: Reversed the bars so that “12-months” appears before “Five Years” Page 44 – Section 7.0: Replaced “construction-related failure rate” with “construction-related failures” since “rate” was incorrect Page 51 – References: Updated “Water Research Foundation, “Asset Management: Breaks & Leaks,” 2017.” to “Grigg, N.S., “Main Break Prediction, Prevention, and Control,” Water Research Foundation, 2007.

Water Main Break Rates in the USA and Canada: A Comprehensive Study

Deteriorating Infrastructure Municipalities and the people they serve depend on pipe networks that provide safe drinking water. This piping is underground, out of sight, and often neglected. Overall assessment of water infrastructure condition is not good. Using the US as an example: In 2009, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) issued a US report card and gave a D- to drinking water infrastructure. In 2017, the grade improved to a D. In 2021, the grade was raised to a C-, better but still not good. Utilities are currently losing 11% of their water to leakage. Pipe life estimates of 75 to 100 years contrast with an average replacement schedule of about 200 years (ASCE, 2017). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) has also reported on water main replacements in the US. In the annual AWWA State of the Water Industry Report, renewal and replacement of aging water and wastewater infrastructure was listed as the top concern (AWWA, 2017). This has remained a primary issue for utilities nationwide for the last five years (AWWA, 2023). Deteriorating water mains are threats to the physical integrity of distribution systems, causing adverse effects on flow capacity, system pressure, and water quality (Grigg, et al., 2017). In addition to maintenance requirements and economic impacts, consequences of a broken water main include local flooding, interruption of water delivery, and damage to roads and private property. These outcomes also negatively affect a utility\u27s customer satisfaction. Utility data clearly indicate that the integrity of water pipelines in the US and Canada continues to deteriorate as the infrastructure ages. Among the many indicators of aging pipes, break rates are the most significant

When optimization for governing human environment tipping elements is neither sustainable nor safe

Optimizing economic welfare in environmental governance has been criticized for delivering short-term gains at the expense of long-term environmental degradation. Different from economic optimization, the concepts of sustainability and the more recent safe operating space have been used to derive policies in environmental governance. However, a formal comparison between these three policy paradigms is still missing, leaving policy makers uncertain which paradigm to apply. Here, we develop a better understanding of their interrelationships, using a stylized model of human-environment tipping elements. We find that no paradigm guarantees fulfilling requirements imposed by another paradigm and derive simple heuristics for the conditions under which these trade-offs occur. We show that the absence of such a master paradigm is of special relevance for governing real-world tipping systems such as climate, fisheries, and farming, which may reside in a parameter regime where economic optimization is neither sustainable nor safe.The authors are grateful for financial support from the Heinrich-Böll-Foundation, the Stordalen Foundation (via the Planetary Boundaries Research Network PB.net), the Earth League’s EarthDoc program, the Leibniz Association (project DOMINOES) and the Swedish Research Council Formas (Project Grant 2014-589)

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio