La unión marital de hecho como fuente de un nuevo estado civil en Colombia a partir de la ley 54 de 1990

Según estudios realizados por Profamilia, la Unión Marital de Hecho ha cobrado en las últimas dos décadas importancia, por cuanto se ha establecido una tendencia a conformar familia por medio de esta institución jurídica, dejando la institución del Matrimonio en un segundo plano. Estudiando la legislatura vigente, incluyendo los avances jurisprudenciales, tenemos que debe considerarse esta institución como fuente de estado civil en Colombia puesto que no existe una definición clara y expresa de lo que puede considerarse estado civil según la legislación colombiana, que ha establecido en el art. 1 del decreto 1260 de 1970, que debe entenderse como estado civil, aquella situación jurídica que tiene cada individuo frente a la sociedad y la familia. Esta situación jurídica debe generar derechos y obligaciones, debe ser indisponible, imprescriptible e indivisible, en ese orden de ideas, el hacer parte de una Unión Marital de Hecho, debe considerarse fuente de estado civil por cuanto si bien es cierto, nadie puede tener más de un estado civil, también es cierto que en el caso de compañeros permanentes que ostenten la calidad de casados, su fuente de estado civil es distinta a la fuente de la Unión Marital de Hecho. Es así como un hijo extramatrimonial puede ostentar dicho estado civil y también el de casado o de Unión Marital de Hecho teniendo en cuenta que las fuentes de estos estados civiles son distintas, esto es; en la primera, el parentesco, en la segunda el matrimonio y la tercera la Unión Marital de Hecho. Por su parte, también puede considerarse indisponible ya que el estado civil puede cambiarse por voluntad de las partes, es decir, en el matrimonio se cambia del estado civil de soltero a casado por voluntad de las partes y de igual forma cuando se acuerda el convivir en pareja formando una Unión Marital de Hecho. Adicional a esto, todo estado civil puede ser probado por la posesión notoria y es imprescriptible en cuanto a que la Unión Marital de Hecho al igual que el matrimonio puede inscribirse en el registro civil en su libro de varios y las normas que la regulan son derechos adquiridos y hacen parte del orden público.According to studies conducted in Profamilia, de Facto unions or common-law marriages have acquired importance in the last 20 years; thus, a trend to form a family via this judicial institution has been established leaving the Institution of Marriage in second place. Studying the prevailing legislature, including jurisprudential advances, we fear to say that this institution must be considered a source of marital status in Colombia, for there is no clear expressed definition of what marital status is considered to be in compliance to Colombian laws. Pursuant to article 1 of decree 1260 of 1970, marital status must be deemed as that judicial situation that an individual has before society and family. This judicial situation generates rights and duties; it must be enforcible, inprescriptible and indivisible. Hence, being part of a “de facto” marital union must be considered a source of marital status, for it is true that no one may have more than one marital status; it is also true that in the case of permanent partners who are married, their source of marital status is different from the source of a de facto marital union. Therefore, a child born out of wedlock may have civil status, like, a child born to a marriage or born out of a common-law marriage taking into account that the sources of the civil statuses are different; in other words, in the first case, relationship; in the second case, marriage and in the third a common-law marriage. Furthermore, it is deemed enforcible for marital status can be changed at the parties’ will; in other words, in marriage, there is a change of marital status from single to married depending the parties’ will and likewise, when a couple agrees to co-habit forming a common-law marriage or a de facto marital union. Moreover, every marital status can be proved by notorious possession and it is inprescriptible in as much as that a de facto marital union just as marriage may be recorded in the vital statistics miscellaneous register and the norms that rule it are acquired rights and they are part of public order

Comparative evaluation of some limnological characteristics of six lentic environments of Colombia

RESUMEN: Este estudio propuso evaluar algunas características limnológicas de seis ambientes leníticos de Colombia ubicados en un gradiente altitudinal de las regiones Caribe, Andina y Amazónica. Estos ambientes presentan diferente origen, tipo y variabilidad climática, física y química, esto es una evidencia de que en los ambientes ecuatoriales, como los de Colombia, varían entre sí y requieren un enfoque local enlazado con patrones regionales y geográficos que influencian la limnología del sistema. Los ambientes estudiados corresponden a ciénagas y lagos de inundación de tierras bajas y lagos de alta montaña, los cuales fueron monitoreados en diferentes estaciones y momentos hidrológicos; los resultados fueron analizados en torno a sus diferencias ambientales y tróficas. La ubicación altitudinal y en consecuencia el tipo, origen, morfometría y condición hidroclimática que afecta los seis sistemas promueven cambios significativos en el régimen de precipitación, la temperatura, nivel y transparencia del agua, la concentración de nutrientes, el oxígeno disuelto, el pH, la conductividad eléctrica y la clorofila a.ABSTRACT: This study proposed to evaluate some limnological characteristics of six lentic environments in Colombia located at the altitudinal gradient in Caribbean, Andean and Amazon regions. These environments have different origin, type and physic, chemic and climatic variability. This is clear evidence that equatorial environments, like the ones found in Colombia presents variation among them and requires a local approach linked with regional and geographical patterns which influences the limnology of system. The studied environments correspond to high mountain lakes and lowland floodplain, which were monitored in different hydrological seasons and times and the results were reviewed with respect to their environmental and trophic differences. Altitudinal location and therefore the type, origin, morphometry and hydroclimatic conditions which affects the six systems, promotes significant changes in the precipitation regime, temperature, level and water transparency, nutrients concentrations, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity and chlorophyll a

Morphological traits of phytoplankton in six lentic systems of the amazonian, andean and caribbean regions of Colombia

ABSTRACT: We analyzed the morphological features of volume, maximum linear dimension, and area: volume ratio of phytoplankton assemblages of six lentic systems of different origin and morphology, including mountain lakes and oodplain lakes, all located in the Amazonian, Andean, or Caribbean regions of Colombia. In Colombia, studies of the structure of phytoplankton assemblages conducted from the viewpoint of morphological traits are scarce and those that have been conducted have favored high mountain lakes, was very few conducted in oodplain lakes. The objective of this study was to analyze the variability of morphological attributes and strategies of phytoplankton in six lentic systems. We found that in shallow, turbid, and warm environments, organisms were characterized by a high S/V, and presented mucilage and specialized traits such as agella, heterocites, and aerotopes: in contrast, in deep, clear, or lower temperature environments, phytoplankton predominated that were large and with few categorical or special traits, revealing morphological differences in assemblages of phytoplankton from systems in uenced by different sources, types, and hydroclimatology.RESUMEN: Se analizaron los rasgos morfológicos de volumen, dimensión linear máxima y relación superficie: volumen del ensamblaje toplanctónico, de seis sistemas leníticos de diferente origen y morfología, entre ellos lagos de alta montaña y lagos de inundación de tierras bajas o ciénagas, ubicados en las regiones Amazónica, Andina y Caribe de Colombia. En este país, los estudios sobre la estructura de ensamblajes toplanctónicos abordados desde el punto de vista de los rasgos morfológicos son escasos y los pocos que se han adelantado se han desarrollado en sistemas de alta montaña, siendo muy escasos los de ciénagas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la variabilidad de los atributos morfológicos y en consecuencia las estrategias del toplancton asociado a seis sistemas lénticos. Se encontró que en ambientes someros, turbios y cálidos se presentaron organismos caracterizados por una alta relación S/V, presencia de organismos con mucílago, agelos y células especializadas como aerótopos y heterocitos; en contraste, en ambientes profundos, claros y de menor temperatura predominó toplancton de mayor tamaño y con baja ocurrencia de rasgos categóricos o especiales, evidenciando diferencias morfológicas del ensamblaje del toplancton en sistemas condicionados por diferente origen, tipología e hidroclimatología

Elective cancer surgery in COVID-19-free surgical pathways during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: An international, multicenter, comparative cohort study

PURPOSE As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19–free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19–free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19–free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19–free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score–matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19–free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Elective Cancer Surgery in COVID-19-Free Surgical Pathways During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: An International, Multicenter, Comparative Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19-free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19-free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS: Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19-free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19-free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score-matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION: Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19-free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

The impact of COVID-19 on the well-being and cognition of older adults living in the United States and Latin America.

In the COVID-19 pandemic, older adults from vulnerable ethnoracial groups are at high risk of infection, hospitalization, and death. We aimed to explore the pandemic's impact on the well-being and cognition of older adults living in the United States (US), Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Peru. 1,608 (646 White, 852 Latino, 77 Black, 33 Asian; 72% female) individuals from the US and four Latin American countries aged ≥ 55 years completed an online survey regarding well-being and cognition during the pandemic between May and September 2020. Outcome variables (pandemic impact, discrimination, loneliness, purpose of life, subjective cognitive concerns) were compared across four US ethnoracial groups and older adults living in Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Peru. Mean age for all participants was 66.7 ( = 7.7) years and mean education was 15.4 ( = 2.7) years. Compared to Whites, Latinos living in the US reported greater economic impact ( < .001,  = .031); while Blacks reported experiencing discrimination more often ( < .001,  = .050). Blacks and Latinos reported more positive coping ( < .001,  = 040). Compared to Latinos living in the US, Latinos in Chile, Mexico, and Peru reported greater pandemic impact, Latinos in Mexico and Peru reported more positive coping, Latinos in Argentina, Mexico, and Peru had greater economic impact, and Latinos in Argentina, Chile, and Peru reported less discrimination. The COVID-19 pandemic has differentially impacted the well-being of older ethnically diverse individuals in the US and Latin America. Future studies should examine how mediators like income and coping skills modify the pandemic's impact. Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Psychiatry

Preoperative nasopharyngeal swab testing and postoperative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing elective surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Surgical services are preparing to scale up in areas affected by COVID-19. This study aimed to evaluate the association between preoperative SARS-CoV-2 testing and postoperative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing elective cancer surgery. METHODS: This international cohort study included adult patients undergoing elective surgery for cancer in areas affected by SARS-CoV-2 up to 19 April 2020. Patients suspected of SARS-CoV-2 infection before operation were excluded. The primary outcome measure was postoperative pulmonary complications at 30 days after surgery. Preoperative testing strategies were adjusted for confounding using mixed-effects models. RESULTS: Of 8784 patients (432 hospitals, 53 countries), 2303 patients (26.2 per cent) underwent preoperative testing: 1458 (16.6 per cent) had a swab test, 521 (5.9 per cent) CT only, and 324 (3.7 per cent) swab and CT. Pulmonary complications occurred in 3.9 per cent, whereas SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed in 2.6 per cent. After risk adjustment, having at least one negative preoperative nasopharyngeal swab test (adjusted odds ratio 0.68, 95 per cent confidence interval 0.68 to 0.98; P = 0.040) was associated with a lower rate of pulmonary complications. Swab testing was beneficial before major surgery and in areas with a high 14-day SARS-CoV-2 case notification rate, but not before minor surgery or in low-risk areas. To prevent one pulmonary complication, the number needed to swab test before major or minor surgery was 18 and 48 respectively in high-risk areas, and 73 and 387 in low-risk areas. CONCLUSION: Preoperative nasopharyngeal swab testing was beneficial before major surgery and in high SARS-CoV-2 risk areas. There was no proven benefit of swab testing before minor surgery in low-risk areas

Delaying surgery for patients with a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection

Not availabl