MODEL STRATEGI PENGUATAN MODERASI BERAGAMA MELALUI LEMBAGA KEUANGAN (STUDI KASUS KSPPS BMT AIRLANGGA BAKTI PERSADA)

Several cases of religious intolerance still occur in Indonesia, so it is necessary to strengthen religious moderation. So far, the common means of strengthening religious moderation is through educational institutions and a new strategy is needed to increase the strengthening of religious moderation. This research is a pioneer in analyzing strategies for strengthening religious moderation through financial institutions. This study aims to analyze the strategy model for strengthening religious moderation through a sharia microfinance institution, namely Baitul Maal wa Tamwil. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study analysis method at KSPPS BMT Airlangga Bakti Persada. The results of the study indicate that the strengthening of religious moderation in Indonesia must be adapted to the development of the situation, conditions and existing technology. Strengthening religious moderation is not only done through educational institutions but can also be done through Islamic financial institutions such as Baitul Maal wa Tamwil. The strengthening can be through the role of account officers, applications owned by Baitul Maal wa Tamwil and also through supporting programs.Keywords: Religious Moderation; Baitul Maal wa TamwilBeberapa kasus intoleransi dalam beragama masih terjadi di Indonesia sehingga perlu adanya penguatan moderasi beragama. Selama ini sarana penguatan moderasi beragama yang umum adalah melalui lembaga pendidikan dan perlu adanya strategi baru guna meningkatkan penguatan moderasi beragama. Penelitian ini merupakan pionir dalam menganalisis strategi penguatan moderasi beragama melalui lembaga keuangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis model strategi penguatan moderasi beragama melalui lembaga keuangan mikro syariah yaitu Baitul Maal wa Tamwil. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode analisis studi kasus pada KSPPS BMT Airlangga Bakti Persada. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penguatan moderasi beragama di Indonesia harus disesuaikan dengan perkembangan situasi, kondisi maupun teknologi yang ada. Penguatan moderasi beragama tidak hanya dilakukan melalui lembaga pendidikan tetapi juga dapat dilakukan melalui lembaga keuangan syariah seperti Baitul Maal wa Tamwil. Penguatan tersebut dapat melalui peran account officer, aplikasi-aplikasi yang dimiliki Baitul Maal wa Tamwil dan juga melalui program pendukung.Kata Kunci: Moderasi Beragama; Baitul Maal wa Tamwi

EVALUATION OF CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN EXPERIMENTAL OBESITY: IMPACT OF BLACK PEPPER AND COFFEE AQUEOUS EXTRACTS

ABSTRACTObjective: This study aims to evaluate the effect of black pepper and coffee extracts on chronic and acute experimental-induced obesity and energyhomeostasis.Methods: Rats were divided into 10 groups including control, high-fat diet (HFD), triton, HFD+triton, black pepper+HFD, black pepper+HFD+triton,coffee+HFD, coffee+HFD+triton, mixture+HFD, and mixture+HFD+triton groups. Blood glucose, serum insulin, and insulin resistance were estimated.Body mass index, food efficiency intake, and body weight gain were calculated. Lipid profile, liver and kidney functions were measured, serum and braincyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was estimated, and brain neurotransmitters were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.Furthermore, histopathology of liver was performed.Results: Findings showed that blood glucose, insulin resistance, lipid profile, kidney and liver functions as well as brain cAMP and neurotransmitterswere significantly increased, concomitant with a significant decrease in insulin resistance and serum cAMP in both HFD and triton-induced obesitygroups compared to control.Conclusion: Supplementation with black pepper extract, coffee extract, and a mixture of both significantly improved these findings. In conclusion,black pepper and coffee extracts are overlooked as promising weight reduction and antihyperlipidemic agents.Keywords: Energy homeostasis, Obesity, Black pepper extract, Coffee extract, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, Neurotransmitters

Variety of Antibody Responses to BNT162b2 and BBIBP-CorV Vaccinations Against COVID-19 Infections in Baghdad and Fallujah, Iraq

The huge impact of COVID-19 worldwide led to the rapid development of vaccines with inadequate data about its longevity, effectivity, and safety. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines available in Iraq and to measure longevity of created antibody response among different time points of both Pfizer-BioNTech and Sinopharm vaccines in Baghdad and Fallujah, Iraq. A two-axis method was used: the first was cross sectional study on the vaccination state for COVID-19 in Baghdad and Fallujah, using an online survey contained questions about city, vaccine type, side effect, pre and post infections, and chronic diseases. The second part involved a prospective observational study of the vaccine’s immunological effectiveness and stability in 60 serum samples from completely vaccinated individuals (second dose) of Pfizer or Sinopharm along different time points (1 - 6 months) by measuring the SARS-CoV-2 Anti-RBD-IgG concentration and evaluating its correlation with pre-infection with COVID-19. Among different types of vaccines available in Iraq, people in Baghdad and Fallujah preferred Pfizer vaccine over other available types, particularly those with chronic diseases. No statistically significant difference was noticed between IgG concentrations at different points of time, IgG concentrations in Pfizer vaccinated individuals were more elevated than Sinopharm, and all of Pfizer vaccinated people showed positive results. Our study established a synergistic impact between recent COVID-19 infection and vaccination, leading to increased levels of IgG antibodies, notably in individuals who received the Pfizer vaccine. Additionally, our findings demonstrate that IgG concentrations remained stable in vaccinated individuals even six months after completing the vaccination with second dose

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P &lt; 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Effect of aluminum doping on the structural, optical and electrical properties of ZnO thin films processed under thermal shock conditions

The structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of Al-doped ZnO thin films annealed under thermal shock conditions were studied. The films were prepared using the sol–gel method and deposited on glass substrates by dip-coating technique. The effects of varying the concentration of aluminum (Al) were analyzed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV–Vis, and the 4-point probe method. The XRD data demonstrated a degradation in the crystalline structure of the films and the emergence of other preferred directions (100) and (101), which supported the creation of a hexagonal wurtzite structure. The SEM images supported the findings of the XRD analysis. The best electrical and optical performance was obtained for an Al concentration of 1 at%, where the resistivity value was 0.191 Ω.cm and the band gap was 3.26 eV, with a high transmittance greater than 90%.The findings of this study render the developed thin-film architecture a viable candidate for high-performance optoelectronic applications

Effect of the annealing process on the properties of ZnO thin films prepared by the sol-gel method

This work aims to study the influence of shock/ gradual annealing temperature on the properties of ZnO thin film with different film thickness. ZnO thin films have been prepared on glass substrates using a sol-gel method deposing by dip-coating technique. Zinc acetate dihydrate, monoethanolamine, and 2-methoxyethanol were used as starting materials, stabilizer, and solvent respectively. The X-ray diffraction patterns show that all films have the wurtzite structure and the (002) diffraction peak dominated in all of them. The ZnO films with a higher thickness and annealed under thermal shock, show higher peaks intensity and lower grain size compared to the films annealed by gradually increasing temperature. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed the results of DRX. The best electrical and optical properties have been obtained for the samples with higher thicknesses and annealed by heat shock. ZnO thin films show a resistance value of 1,296 Ω.cm and a band gap value of 3.245 eV with high transmittance (>90%)