Sikkerhetslovens konsekvenser for en virksomhets styringssystem for sikkerhet

Sikkerhetsloven stiller krav til at virksomheter skal etablere et styringssystem for sikkerhet, og er i tråd med NSM (2023) sitt mål om at «Virksomhetene har systematisk sikkerhetsstyring og helthetlig sikring» (Nasjonal Sikkerhetsmyndighet, 2023, s. 14). Studiens hensikt er å se på hvilke konsekvenser sikkerhetsloven har for en virksomhets styringssystem for sikkerhet, samt hva en virksomhet bør sette søkelys på i etableringen av styringssystemet. Studien bidrar til økt kunnskap for virksomheter som blir- eller er underlagt sikkerhetsloven, og skal etablere et styringssystem for sikkerhet. Studien inneholder et teoretisk rammeverk bestående av to hovedelementer, kravene sikkerhetsloven stiller til en virksomhets styringssystem for sikkerhet, samt rammeverket for et styringssystem for sikkerhet. Det teoretiske rammeverket har blitt benyttet som grunnlag i innsamlingen av data, som er gjort gjennom kvalitative, semistrukturerte intervjuer med en virksomhet som er underlagt sikkerhetsloven og har etablert et styringssystem for sikkerhet. Det er gjennomgående konsistens mellom studiens funn og det teoretiske rammeverket. Å bli underlagt sikkerhetsloven medfører flere konsekvenser for en virksomhet. Loven stiller krav til blant annet styringssystemet for sikkerhet, risikostyring, sikkerhetsoppfølging og sikkerhetsorganisering, noe som medfører vedvarende organisatoriske endringer og økonomiske konsekvenser for virksomheten. For å ivareta at styringssystemet sikrer etterlevelse av lovverket understreker studiens funn viktigheten av å etablere gode prosesser som ivaretar risikostyring gjennom tilpassede metoder for risikovurderinger og risikohåndtering. Informantenes erfaringer støtter anbefalingene om at styringssystemet for sikkerhet bør integreres i virksomhetens styringssystem, noe som gir merverdi på flere områder. Det er avgjørende at virksomheten har tydelige ansvarslinjer, både i det daglige forebyggende arbeidet og i styringssystemets prosesser. Gjør virksomheter disse grepene i etableringen av styringssystemet for sikkerhet, bidrar dette til at styringssystemet sikrer etterlevelse av lovkravene, samt at virksomheten bidrar til måloppnåelse av NSM (2023) sitt mål i sikkerhetsfaglig råd 2023 om at virksomhetene skal ha systematisk sikkerhetsstyring (Nasjonal Sikkerhetsmyndighet, 2023, s. 14)

MOSJ status report for environmental pollutants in 2011

English version of the NPI report no.137 (2012)

A synthesis of atmospheric mercury depletion event chemistry in the atmosphere and snow

It was discovered in 1995 that, during the spring time, unexpectedly low concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) occurred in the Arctic air. This was surprising for a pollutant known to have a long residence time in the atmosphere; however conditions appeared to exist in the Arctic that promoted this depletion of mercury (Hg). This phenomenon is termed atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) and its discovery has revolutionized our understanding of the cycling of Hg in Polar Regions while stimulating a significant amount of research to understand its impact to this fragile ecosystem. Shortly after the discovery was made in Canada, AMDEs were confirmed to occur throughout the Arctic, sub-Artic and Antarctic coasts. It is now known that, through a series of photochemically initiated reactions involving halogens, GEM is converted to a more reactive species and is subsequently associated to particles in the air and/or deposited to the polar environment. AMDEs are a means by which Hg is transferred from the atmosphere to the environment that was previously unknown. In this article we review Hg research taken place in Polar Regions pertaining to AMDEs, the methods used to collect Hg in different environmental media, research results of the current understanding of AMDEs from field, laboratory and modeling work, how Hg cycles around the environment after AMDEs, gaps in our current knowledge and the future impacts that AMDEs may have on polar environments. The research presented has shown that while considerable improvements in methodology to measure Hg have been made but the main limitation remains knowing the speciation of Hg in the various media. The processes that drive AMDEs and how they occur are discussed. As well, the role that the snow pack and the sea ice play in the cycling of Hg is presented. It has been found that deposition of Hg from AMDEs occurs at marine coasts and not far inland and that a fraction of the deposited Hg does not remain in the same form in the snow. Kinetic studies undertaken have demonstrated that bromine is the major oxidant depleting Hg in the atmosphere. Modeling results demonstrate that there is a significant deposition of Hg to Polar Regions as a result of AMDEs. Models have also shown that Hg is readily transported to the Arctic from source regions, at times during springtime when this environment is actively transforming Hg from the atmosphere to the snow and ice surfaces. The presence of significant amounts of methyl Hg in snow in the Arctic surrounding AMDEs is important because this species is the link between the environment and impacts to wildlife and humans. Further, much work on methylation and demethylation processes has occurred but these processes are not yet fully understood. Recent changes in the climate and sea ice cover in Polar Regions are likely to have strong effects on the cycling of Hg in this environment; however more research is needed to understand Hg processes in order to formulate meaningful predictions of these changes

Production of seafood flavour formulations from enzymatic hydrolysates of fish by-products

© 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Amino acid-rich extracts derived from fish by-products were utilised to generate flavour model systems with added glucose and/or fish oil. Combination of endo and exo peptidases resulted in the most marked increased in free amino acids, particularly for leucine, lysine and glutamic acid (48.3 ± 3.4 to 1423.4 ± 59.6, 43.3 ± 1.2 to 1485.4 ± 25.6 and 143.6 ± 21.7 to 980.9 ± 63.6 μg/g respectively).Main volatile products formed after heating the systems were 4-heptenal, 2,4-heptadienal, and some pyrazines. Increased concentrations of 1-octen-3-ol or 1-hepten-4-ol were also observed in the heated systems compared to the controls. All of these volatile compounds have been identified among the volatile profile of cooked seafood. Conversion of low value fish derived materials such as fish powder, into more valuable products such as flavour precursors and subsequently flavour compounds might be a commercially viable proposition for the fish industry

MOSJ statusrapport 2011 miljøgifter

Denne rapporten gir en oppdatering av status for miljøgifter som inngår i overvåkningssystemet MOSJ. Miljøgiftene er avgrenset til organiske miljøgifter, tungmetaller og radioaktive stoffer. Rapporten tar for seg status, trender og effekter for miljøgiftene og gir råd for videre overvåkning. Geografisk er rapporten avgrenset til Svalbard og Jan Mayen med omkringliggende havområder

Mercury isotope evidence for Arctic summertime re-emission of mercury from the cryosphere

During Arctic springtime, halogen radicals oxidize atmospheric elemental mercury (Hg-0), which deposits to the cryosphere. This is followed by a summertime atmospheric Hg-0 peak that is thought to result mostly from terrestrial Hg inputs to the Arctic Ocean, followed by photoreduction and emission to air. The large terrestrial Hg contribution to the Arctic Ocean and global atmosphere has raised concern over the potential release of permafrost Hg, via rivers and coastal erosion, with Arctic warming. Here we investigate Hg isotope variability of Arctic atmospheric, marine, and terrestrial Hg. We observe highly characteristic Hg isotope signatures during the summertime peak that reflect re-emission of Hg deposited to the cryosphere during spring. Air mass back trajectories support a cryospheric Hg emission source but no major terrestrial source. This implies that terrestrial Hg inputs to the Arctic Ocean remain in the marine ecosystem, without substantial loss to the global atmosphere, but with possible effects on food webs.Arctic warming thaws permafrost, leading to enhanced soil mercury transport to the Arctic Ocean. Mercury isotope signatures in arctic rivers, ocean and atmosphere suggest that permafrost mercury is buried in marine sediment and not emitted to the global atmospherePeer reviewe

The study of the mercury cycle in polar regions: An international study in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard

Mercury (Hg) is a toxic pollutant and it can be strongly accumulated in the food chain, especially in Polar Regions. This paper presents a part of the work that has been on-going for 3-4 years in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard within the frame of an international collaboration. In Ny-Alesund in spring 2003, the atmospheric chemistry of mercury has been studied so as to better understand the formation of oxidized mercury species in the atmosphere that could be deposited onto snow surfaces. The role of snow as a potential source of mercury to the atmosphere or as a sink has also been approached to better understand the behavior of this metal. Chemical and biological processes seem to play a major role in Hg storage in snow. When melting, snow could be a major source of Hg into the various ecosystems and this toxin could therefore be accumulated into the food chain

Environmental supply chain management in the seafood industry: past, present and future approaches

This review discusses and analyses previous results in identification, development and implementation of cleaner production strategies within the seafood industry. The relevant peer reviewed articles were identified from a structured keyword search and analysed by both supply chain stage (capture and aquaculture, transport, processing, storage and retail), and examination of the cleaner production strategies implemented. Results found entities along the seafood supply chain generally worked separately to improve cleaner production processes and outputs to grow their own businesses. Whilst this approach can be beneficial, it ignores the broader cleaner production potential benefits gained when applied across multiple supply chain entities. The most effective cleaner production strategies for improved environmental performance in each sector of the supply chain were identified with the potential to reduce unnecessary handling, energy usage, storage costs and waste production. To ensure the greatest reduction in environmental impact, a whole of supply chain management system that incorporates life cycle assessment modelling is recommended