Update of the Scientific Opinion on opium alkaloids in poppy seeds

The CONTAM Panel wishes to thank the hearing experts: Pavel Cihlar, Daniel Doerge and Vaclav Lohr for the support provided to this scientific output. The CONTAM Panel acknowledges all European competent institutions and other stakeholders that provided occurrence data on opium alkaloids in food, and supported the data collection for the Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. Adopted: 22 March 2018 Reproduction of the images listed below is prohibited and permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder:Figure A.1 in Appendix A: © Elsevier.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Post-collisional transition from an extensional volcano-sedimentary basin to a continental arc in the Alborz Ranges, N-Iran

The Alborz Magmatic Assemblage (AMA) is an Eocene volcanic complex in northern Iran, and is situated at the site of the closure of the Tethyan basin. The magmatic rocks of the Alborz assemblage exhibit a distinct progression in style, from shallow submarine explosive eruptions to more effusive sub-aerial eruptions. Their chemical compositions indicate that they belong to the high-K calc-alkaline (shoshonitic) suite, and are related to either a subduction regime or continental collision. This conclusion is verified by major and trace element abundances, such as enrichments in Light Rare Earth Elements (LREEs) and Large Ion Lithophile Elements (LILEs) (e.g., K, U, and Sr) and depletion in High Field Strength Elements (HFSEs) (e.g., Nb, Ta, Ti, and Zr). However, HFSE plots suggest that the source region of the AMA magmas was affected by multiple processes, including deeply subducted lithosphere and the partial melts of extensional lithosphere in a back-arc environment. The isotopic composition of this suite and their trace element ratios suggest that the primary magmas were derived from a depleted mantle source and were subsequently affected by both fractional crystallization (ol + cpx in basic magmas and plg + bio ± hbl in intermediate magmas) and assimilation during magmatic evolution. Assimilation and fractional crystallization modeling, based on isotopic and trace element ratios, indicates that the ascending magmas were contaminated by approximately 40% continental crust. The petrography and geochemical composition of the Eocene Alborz magmatic assemblage indicate that it developed in a back-arc basin, in which explosive eruptions produced various pyroclastic and epiclastic deposits. A subsequent stage of volcanism then produced more effusive sub-aerial eruptions, as well as sporadic explosions that generated ignimbritic sheets. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.Abbas Asiabanha and John Fode

Globule-rich lavas in the Razjerd district, Qazvin, Iran: a unique volcanic fabric

International audienceA hypocrystalline silica-rich (63-67 wt.% SiO2, dacitic composition) lava flow (called G-lava) in the subaerial eruptive sequence of the Alborz Mountains (Razjerd district, Qazvin Province) of northern Iran, contains abundant (40-50 vol.%) 0.1- to 5.0-cm globules set in a matrix of rather similar composition and microtexture. Numerous globules have coalesced, showing triple-point junctions with 120A degrees angles. Both phases in the G-lava (globules and matrix) contain similar microphenocrysts (plagioclase, ortho- and clinopyroxene and magnetite) in a trachytic groundmass. However, their mesostasis differ in colour, in composition, in the amount of glass and their amount of volatiles and silica: in the globules the mesostasis is darker and richer in SiO2 but is volatile poor. Other volcanic materials in the same unit are very similar in composition to the G-lava. The globular fabric was formed with two phases: one poor in volatiles (the globules), the other rich in volatiles (the matrix). The globules are slightly more silicic (66.9 against 64.6 wt.% SiO2), more potassic (3.7 againt 2.8 wt.% K2O) and more viscous (of the order of 10(3) to 10(4)) than the matrix outside the globules. It seems that the two phases (globules and matrix) with different silica and volatiles contents and thus different vesicularities, viscosities and densities, were produced in the dacitic melt due to temperature and pressure drop and magmatic degassing in the volcanic conduit involved fluid-melt exsolution processes. Some of the volatile-rich melt was probably frothy during eruption, producing volcanic bombs and scoria

Cretaceous magmatic evolution in the Deylaman igneous complex, Alborz zone, Iran : change from extensional to compressional regime

The Deylaman igneous complex, as a part of the Late Cretaceous rock unit that lies behind the Paleogene Alborz magmatic arc, in the northern Alborz zone, is composed of basaltic sheet lavas alternating with the pelagic calcareous sediments, basaltic pillow lavas, felsic lavas and gabbroic-monzodioritic intrusions. The pelagic calcareous deposits contain microfossils representing the Santonian-Maastrichtian ages. Furthermore, petrographic textures such as the hyalomicrolitic texture and swallow-tail plagioclase crystals in the pillow lavas, and also segregation vesicles in the basaltic sheet lavas, imply high external (hydrostatic) pressures as the magma was extruded in a deep-water environment. The rock samples show both compositional bimodality and characteristic trends in the variation diagrams. Also, some geochemical characteristics imply that the basaltic lavas originated from the partial melting of an undepleted deep mantle source containing spinel lherzolite: the enrichment patterns of LREE/HREE ratios of the samples [(La/Yb)n = 3.93-4.16 for basaltic lavas and 10.92 for felsic lavas] lying between those characteristic of OIBs [(La/Yb)n = 12.92] and EMORBs [(La/Yb)n = 1.91]; similarities between the patterns of multi-element spider-diagrams; LILE bulges in the basaltic samples compared with those of OIBs. Moreover, the samples show influence from two geotectonic environments: supra-subduction zone (SSZ) settings and plume-type within-plate magmas. Therefore, because of the deep submarine environment inferred for the effusive volcanic eruptions in Santonian-Maastrichtian time, it seems that the Deylaman igneous complex evolved through two stages: first, a tensional regime in a supra-subduction zone (farther from the Mesozoic magmatic arc) and formation of an embryonic rift-related oceanic basin in the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous; secondly, a compressive regime in the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene and inland migration of the magmatic arc. Consequently, the Cretaceous magmatism can be interpreted as a prelude to the Eocene magmatic flare-up in the magmatic arcs of Iran

Globule-rich lavas in the Razjerd district, Qazvin, Iran: a unique volcanic fabric

International audienceA hypocrystalline silica-rich (63-67 wt.% SiO2, dacitic composition) lava flow (called G-lava) in the subaerial eruptive sequence of the Alborz Mountains (Razjerd district, Qazvin Province) of northern Iran, contains abundant (40-50 vol.%) 0.1- to 5.0-cm globules set in a matrix of rather similar composition and microtexture. Numerous globules have coalesced, showing triple-point junctions with 120A degrees angles. Both phases in the G-lava (globules and matrix) contain similar microphenocrysts (plagioclase, ortho- and clinopyroxene and magnetite) in a trachytic groundmass. However, their mesostasis differ in colour, in composition, in the amount of glass and their amount of volatiles and silica: in the globules the mesostasis is darker and richer in SiO2 but is volatile poor. Other volcanic materials in the same unit are very similar in composition to the G-lava. The globular fabric was formed with two phases: one poor in volatiles (the globules), the other rich in volatiles (the matrix). The globules are slightly more silicic (66.9 against 64.6 wt.% SiO2), more potassic (3.7 againt 2.8 wt.% K2O) and more viscous (of the order of 10(3) to 10(4)) than the matrix outside the globules. It seems that the two phases (globules and matrix) with different silica and volatiles contents and thus different vesicularities, viscosities and densities, were produced in the dacitic melt due to temperature and pressure drop and magmatic degassing in the volcanic conduit involved fluid-melt exsolution processes. Some of the volatile-rich melt was probably frothy during eruption, producing volcanic bombs and scoria

The mineralogical and petrological constraints of the Cretaceous Kermanshah ophiolitic complex in Nourabad and Dinavar regions in western Iran

International audienceAs a part of the Kermanshah ophiolite in western Iran, the Cretaceous Nourabad-Dinavar ophiolitic complex is a remnantof the Neo-Tethys oceanic lithosphere and represents transitional mantle-crust and upper crust units in the Nourabad andDinavar regions, respectively. All the units were affected by the two metamorphic regimes of static metamorphism anddynamic metamorphism. The whole-rock chemical data of the basic samples (i.e. gabbros, basalts, and dykes) show thatthey are related to the island-arc regime. The main reasons for this conclusion are as follows: their affinity with the calc-alkaline series, LREE enrichment, and subduction-related proxies such as the negative anomalies of Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf andthe positive anomaly of Th. On the other hand, the mineral chemistry analysis confirms that the studied ophiolitic complexis a MORB-type ophiolite emplaced in the supra-subduction zone. This is supported by mineralogical evidence including thecompositional dependence of olivines (fo 90-91 ) on the spinel peridotite mantle facies, spinel minerals (Al-chromite and Mg/Cr-bearing hercynite), and Mg-rich orthopyroxenes (enstatite) in the harzburgites. The geochemical modeling implies thatthis complex evolved through the following successive magmatic steps: 1) the partial melting of a mixed NMORB-EMORB(50:50) source producing spinel harzburgite residues; 2) the fractional crystallization of the basic partial melts during theirascent to the surface and the formation of gabbro bodies; 3) the assimilation and fractional crystallization process as theNMORB components re-enter the chamber and produce basic pillow lavas, lava flows, and some fine-grained gabbro bod-ies (i.e. dykes). Accordingly, it can be interpreted that the emplacement history of the studied ophiolite succession has twostages: 1) an obduction stage in the Campanian; 2) an exhumation stage in the post-Cretaceous

The role of crustal contamination and differentiation in the formation of the Eocene volcanic rocks in Jirande area (Northwest of Qazvin)

The Eocene volcanic rocks in Jirande area are dominated by basalt, andesite, trachyt and trachyandesite, which range from basic to intermediate rocks. Plagioclase as major mineral in igneous rocks makes up the largest percentage mineral in these rocks. Clinopyroxene and olivine in basaltic rocks and amphibole in acidic rocks are the prevalent minerals. In petrological studies, the existence of glomeroporphyry, sieve, corrosion gulf, skeletal, and also reaction rims confirm the role of crustal contamination and fractional crystallization in the evolution of the study rocks. Also, variation diagrams of trace elements, spider diagrams together with AFC modeling and ratio-ratio diagrams of trace elements, highlights the role of crustal contamination and magmatic fractionation in the genesis of the rocks studied. The parent magma of  these rocks, have a composition like as the melts derived from enriched mantle, and plots in the field of 10-20 percent partial melting of a garnet-spinel lherzolitic source in the depth of 90 to 110 km

Post-Eocene volcanic of the Abazar district, Qazvin, Iran : mineralogical and geochemical evidence for a complex magmatic evolution

International audienceThe style of volcanism of post-Eocene volcanism in the Alborz zone of northern Iran is different to that of Eocene volcanism (Karaj Formation). Indeed, the volcanic succession of the Abazar district, located in a narrow volcanic strip within the Alborz magmatic assemblage, is characterized by distinct mineralogical and chemical compositions linked to a complex magmatic evolution. The succession was produced by explosive eruptions followed by effusive eruptions. Two main volcanic events are recognized: (1) a thin rhyolitic ignimbritic sheet underlain by a thicker lithic breccia, and (2) lava flows including shoshonite, latite, and andesite that overlie the first event across a reddish soil horizon. Plagioclase in shoshonite (An48-92) shows normal zoning, whereas plagioclase in latite and andesite (An48-75) has a similar composition but shows reverse and oscillatory zoning. QUILF temperature calculations for shoshonites and andesites yield temperatures of 1035 °C and 1029 °C, respectively. The geothermometers proposed by Ridolfi et al. (2010) and Holland and Blundy (1994) yield temperatures of 960 °C and 944 °C for latitic lava, respectively. The samples of volcanic rock show a typical geochemical signature of the continental arc regime, but the andesites clearly differ from the shoshonites, the latites and the rhyolites. The mineralogical and chemical characteristics of these rocks are explained by the following petrogenesis: (1) intrusion of a hot, mantle-depth mafic (shoshonitic) magma, which differentiated in the magma chamber to produce a latitic and then a rhyolitic liquid; (2) rhyolitic ignimbritic eruptions from the top of the magma chamber, following by shoshonitic and then latitic extrusions; (3) magma mingling between the latitic and andesitic magmas, as indicated by the occurrence of andesite clasts within the latite; and (4) andesitic effusions. The youngest volcanic events in the Alborz zone show a close chemical relationship with continental arc rocks, indicating that they formed in a continental collision setting

Post-Eocene volcanic of the Abazar district, Qazvin, Iran : mineralogical and geochemical evidence for a complex magmatic evolution

International audienceThe style of volcanism of post-Eocene volcanism in the Alborz zone of northern Iran is different to that of Eocene volcanism (Karaj Formation). Indeed, the volcanic succession of the Abazar district, located in a narrow volcanic strip within the Alborz magmatic assemblage, is characterized by distinct mineralogical and chemical compositions linked to a complex magmatic evolution. The succession was produced by explosive eruptions followed by effusive eruptions. Two main volcanic events are recognized: (1) a thin rhyolitic ignimbritic sheet underlain by a thicker lithic breccia, and (2) lava flows including shoshonite, latite, and andesite that overlie the first event across a reddish soil horizon. Plagioclase in shoshonite (An48-92) shows normal zoning, whereas plagioclase in latite and andesite (An48-75) has a similar composition but shows reverse and oscillatory zoning. QUILF temperature calculations for shoshonites and andesites yield temperatures of 1035 °C and 1029 °C, respectively. The geothermometers proposed by Ridolfi et al. (2010) and Holland and Blundy (1994) yield temperatures of 960 °C and 944 °C for latitic lava, respectively. The samples of volcanic rock show a typical geochemical signature of the continental arc regime, but the andesites clearly differ from the shoshonites, the latites and the rhyolites. The mineralogical and chemical characteristics of these rocks are explained by the following petrogenesis: (1) intrusion of a hot, mantle-depth mafic (shoshonitic) magma, which differentiated in the magma chamber to produce a latitic and then a rhyolitic liquid; (2) rhyolitic ignimbritic eruptions from the top of the magma chamber, following by shoshonitic and then latitic extrusions; (3) magma mingling between the latitic and andesitic magmas, as indicated by the occurrence of andesite clasts within the latite; and (4) andesitic effusions. The youngest volcanic events in the Alborz zone show a close chemical relationship with continental arc rocks, indicating that they formed in a continental collision setting