KAJIAN YURIDIS PENGUASAAN TANAH KAWASAN HUTAN MASYARAKAT PESISIR DI DESA TELUK SANTONG KECAMATAN PLAMPANG KABUPATEN SUMBAWA

Penulis ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui, menguraikan, menjelaskan dan menganalisa Kajian yuridis penguasaan tanah kawasan hutan masyarakat pesisir Di Desa Teluk Santong Kecamatan Plampang Kabupaten Sumbawa yaitu terkait pengaturan hukum terhadap penguasaan tanah dalam kawasan hutan oleh masyarakat pesisir di Desa Teluk Santong dan Bentuk perlindungan hukum terhadap penguasaan tanah masyarakat pesisir dalam kawasan hutan di Desa Teluk Santong. Metode Penelitian Hukum Empiris adalah pendekatan yang dilakukan berdasarkan bahan hukum utama dengan cara menelaah teori-teori, konsep-konsep, asas-asas hukum serta peraturan perundang-undangan yang berhubungan dengan tema penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan hukum terhadap penguasaan tanah dalam kawasan yaitu, Penetapan kawasan hutan oleh Menteri didasarkan atas Berita Acara Tata Batas Kawasan Hutan dan Peta Tata Batas Kawasan Hutan dan Bentuk perlindungan hukum terhadap penguasaan tanah masyarakat pesisir dalam kawasan hutan yaitu, perlindungan hukum secara yuridis ialah legalitas formil terhadap tanah yang diberikan oleh negara namun tidak bertentangan dengan hukum Positif, Perlindungan hukum secara sosial ialah pengakuan terhadap penguasaan tanah yang telah dikuasai secara turun temurun terhadap pengelolaan atas tanah tersebut dan Perlindungan hukum berupa penegakan hukum (aplikatif) ialah upaya preventif dengan melakukan sosialisasi, penyuluhan hukum dan represif dengan upaya teguran dan dilakukan pembinaan (musyawarah mufakat di tingkat Desa) dan secara Tindakan hukum. Adapun kesimpulan yaitu, penguasaan tanah oleh masyarakat di kawasan hutan terjadi secara turun-temurun bahkan sebelum wilayah tersebut ditetapkan sebagai Kawasan hutan oleh pemerintah daerah

Juridical Review on the Granting of Land Rights to Transmigration Citizens in Labuan Kuris Village, Lape District, Sumbawa District, Indonesia

This study aims to determine and analyze the implementation of granting land rights to transmigrants in Labuan Kuris Village, Lape District, Sumbawa Regency, as well as the obstacles in the process of granting rights and how the government tries to grant rights to transmigrated citizens. The research method used qualitative methods with descriptive qualitative analysis. This type of research used in this research is empirical research. The results showed that the implementation of granting land rights to transmigrant residents in Labuan Kuris Village, Lape District, Sumbawa Regency, was carried out in several stages, starting from the first through the compensation process provided by the Nusa Tenggara I River Basin to transmigrant residents, which was then carried out Cadastral measurement and soil inspection by committee A Sumbawa Regency Land Office. After the decree was issued, the applicant (transmigrant resident) brought the decree to pay the BPHTB and after all the processes were completed, a certificate would be made and handed over to the transmigrant residents. The obstacles experienced in the process of granting rights were juridical and non-juridical obstacles. The first juridical obstacle is the length of time to obtain data and compensation provided by the Nusa Tenggara I River Basin, and the second is the transmigrant area which is quite far from the Land Office of Sumbawa Regency. Meanwhile, non-juridical constraints are the occurrence of problems in which residents of Labuan Kuris Village control land that does not belong to them so that the measurement and data collection process takes a long time, and the last obstacle is that the community / transmigrant residents do not have money / funds in the process of applying for land rights

Produksi Biogas Dari Limbah Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Bioreaktor Up-Flow Anaerobik Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Palm oil mills produce wastewater containing organic matter that has the potential to produce biogas as an energy source. Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) bioreactor is a wastewater treatment technology that has a high organic content, with using microbiology to degrade the content of contaminants. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of impairment of biogas production from wastewater COD and TSS POM using UASB bioreactor (Up Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket). This research method is done by designing asidogenik and methanogenic reactor, reactor assembling and testing reactor apparatus.The result from this research show UASB reactor that use to process the waste water from palm oil plant has the potential to produce biogas 22.8 to 26.4 liters with a daily production ranges from 0.3 to 3.3 liters. This biogas containing methane gas (CH4) ranged 36.92 - 48.08%. Optimal feeding time 10-12 days of incubation. The results of first experiment show the decrease level of COD of 983 mg / L or a decline of 98% and in the second trial is 972 mg / l or 97% .ABSTAKPabrik kelapa sawit menghasilkan limbah cair yang mengandung bahan organik yang berpotensi menghasilkan biogas sebagai sumber energi. Teknologi bioreaktor Up-Flow Anaerobik Sludge Blanket (UASB) adalah teknologi pengolahan limbah cair yang memiliki kandungan organik tinggi, dengan pemanfaatan mikrobiologi untuk mendegradasi kandungan kontaminan dalam limbah. Selain dapat mengurangi dampak negatif lingkungan, bioreactor UASB dapat menghasilkan energi berupa biogas. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui jumlah produksi biogas, penurunan nilai COD dan TSS dari limbah cair PMKS dengan menggunakan bioreaktor UASB . Metode penelitian ini dilakukan dengan merancang disain reaktor asidogenik dan metanogenik, merangkai reaktor dan menguji coba rangkaian alat.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa air limbah dari proses pengolahan pabrik minyak kelapa sawit berpotensi menghasilkan biogas sebesar 22,8 – 26,4 liter dengan produksi harian berkisar antara 0,3 – 3,3 liter. Waktu feeding optimal 10 – 12 hari inkubasi. Hasil penurunan percobaan 1 kadar COD sebesar 983 mg/l atau terjadi penurunan 98% dan pada percobaan 2 sebesar 972 mg/l atau terjadi penurunan 97 %

Consistency of impact assessment protocols for non-native species

Standardized tools are needed to identify and prioritize the most harmful non-native species (NNS). A plethora of assessment protocols have been developed to evaluate the current and potential impacts of non-native species, but consistency among them has received limited attention. To estimate the consistency across impact assessment protocols, 89 specialists in biological invasions used 11 protocols to screen 57 NNS (2614 assessments). We tested if the consistency in the impact scoring across assessors, quantified as the coefficient of variation (CV), was dependent on the characteristics of the protocol, the taxonomic group and the expertise of the assessor. Mean CV across assessors was 40%, with a maximum of 223%. CV was lower for protocols with a low number of score levels, which demanded high levels of expertise, and when the assessors had greater expertise on the assessed species. The similarity among protocols with respect to the final scores was higher when the protocols considered the same impact types. We conclude that all protocols led to considerable inconsistency among assessors. In order to improve consistency, we highlight the importance of selecting assessors with high expertise, providing clear guidelines and adequate training but also deriving final decisions collaboratively by consensus

METACOHORTS for the study of vascular disease and its contribution to cognitive decline and neurodegeneration: an initiative of the Joint Programme for Neurodegenerative Disease Research

Dementia is a global problem and major target for health care providers. Although up to 45% of cases are primarily or partly due to cerebrovascular disease, little is known of these mechanisms or treatments because most dementia research still focuses on pure Alzheimer's disease. An improved understanding of the vascular contributions to neurodegeneration and dementia, particularly by small vessel disease, is hampered by imprecise data, including the incidence and prevalence of symptomatic and clinically “silent” cerebrovascular disease, long-term outcomes (cognitive, stroke, or functional), and risk factors. New large collaborative studies with long follow-up are expensive and time consuming, yet substantial data to advance the field are available. In an initiative funded by the Joint Programme for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, 55 international experts surveyed and assessed available data, starting with European cohorts, to promote data sharing to advance understanding of how vascular disease affects brain structure and function, optimize methods for cerebrovascular disease in neurodegeneration research, and focus future research on gaps in knowledge. Here, we summarize the results and recommendations from this initiative. We identified data from over 90 studies, including over 660,000 participants, many being additional to neurodegeneration data initiatives. The enthusiastic response means that cohorts from North America, Australasia, and the Asia Pacific Region are included, creating a truly global, collaborative, data sharing platform, linked to major national dementia initiatives. Furthermore, the revised World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases version 11 should facilitate recognition of vascular-related brain damage by creating one category for all cerebrovascular disease presentations and thus accelerate identification of targets for dementia prevention

The burden of unintentional drowning : global, regional and national estimates of mortality from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study

Background Drowning is a leading cause of injury-related mortality globally. Unintentional drowning (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10 codes W65-74 and ICD9 E910) is one of the 30 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive causes of injury-related mortality in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. This study's objective is to describe unintentional drowning using GBD estimates from 1990 to 2017. Methods Unintentional drowning from GBD 2017 was estimated for cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs), age, sex, country, region, Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, and trends from 1990 to 2017. GBD 2017 used standard GBD methods for estimating mortality from drowning. Results Globally, unintentional drowning mortality decreased by 44.5% between 1990 and 2017, from 531 956 (uncertainty interval (UI): 484 107 to 572 854) to 295 210 (284 493 to 306 187) deaths. Global age-standardised mortality rates decreased 57.4%, from 9.3 (8.5 to 10.0) in 1990 to 4.0 (3.8 to 4.1) per 100 000 per annum in 2017. Unintentional drowning-associated mortality was generally higher in children, males and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh accounted for 51.2% of all drowning deaths in 2017. Oceania was the region with the highest rate of age-standardised YLLs in 2017, with 45 434 (40 850 to 50 539) YLLs per 100 000 across both sexes. Conclusions There has been a decline in global drowning rates. This study shows that the decline was not consistent across countries. The results reinforce the need for continued and improved policy, prevention and research efforts, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries.Peer reviewe

The burden of unintentional drowning: Global, regional and national estimates of mortality from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study

__Background:__ Drowning is a leading cause of injury-related mortality globally. Unintentional drowning (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10 codes W65-74 and ICD9 E910) is one of the 30 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive causes of injury-related mortality in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. This study's objective is to describe unintentional drowning using GBD estimates from 1990 to 2017. __Methods:__ Unintentional drowning from GBD 2017 was estimated for cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs), age, sex, country, region, Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, and trends from 1990 to 2017. GBD 2017 used standard GBD methods for estimating mortality from drowning. __Results:__ Globally, unintentional drowning mortality decreased by 44.5% between 1990 and 2017, from 531 956 (uncertainty interval (UI): 484 107 to 572 854) to 295 210 (284 493 to 306 187) deaths. Global age-standardised mortality rates decreased 57.4%, from 9.3 (8.5 to 10.0) in 1990 to 4.0 (3.8 to 4.1) per 100 000 per annum in 2017. Unintentional drowning-associated mortality was generally higher in children, males and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh accounted for 51.2% of all drowning deaths in 2017. Oceania was the region with the highest rate of age-standardised YLLs in 2017, with 45 434 (40 850 to 50 539) YLLs per 100 000 across both sexes. __Conclusions:__ There has been a decline in global drowning rates. This study shows that the decline was not consistent across countries. The results reinforce the need for continued and improved policy, prevention and research efforts, with a focus on low-and middle-income countries

Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3.5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.Peer reviewe