ECO FRIENDLY SEWERAGE SYSTEM FOR A LOW INCOME COASTAL COMMUNITY

The purpose of a sewerage disposal system is to carry human excreta & urine (Black water) and wastewater (Gray water) back to nature in a proper way without any harm to the environment as well as to human beings. But the implementing and operating costs of the sewerage disposal systems are normally very high which make low income communities unable to access these techniques. The aim of this study was to find a proper sewerage system for a low income coastal community, “Pittaniya Watta” in Moratuwa Municipal Council. The community consists of 142 families with about 710 people spreading over a 5051m2 limited area. At first the real situation and the problems prevailing were found  through a questionnaire survey considering a proper cross section. Questionnaires were analyzed and evaluated and daily water consumption, sewerage disposal capacities, communicannt’s desire were found. Finally Eco-sanitation units and simplified sewerage system were selected as the most economical solutions for the problem.Number of Eco-sanitation units required for the said community was 142. The simplified sewerage system (“off-site disposal system”) was designed considering both self cleansing velocity (0.5 m/s) as well as tractive tension (1 Pa). The results revealed that the best fitted minimum sewer gradient and the minimum sewer diameter were 1 in 208 and 100mm respectively. The collected sewage will be treated in primary and secondary stages in anaerobic digestion units. Three units were provided with each dimension length, width and depth of 6.2mx 3mx4m respectively and 0.2 m of free board. Using a lift station a head was added to the effluent to take it from 5m below the ground to the ground surface where the Reed bed was provided before it is released to the existing drains that are directed to the sea. Estimated hydraulic retention time of the reed bed is 6.79 hours while dimensions are water depth = 0.6m and surface area of the bed=78m2. According to the basic cost analysis on two systems Eco-san unit for each house is Rs 47925. When considering the whole community, the total cost for Eco-san was Rs 6,805,350 while the simplified sewerage system was Rs 2,886,000. However, at the operational stage of simplified sewerage system, with maintenance cost, the total cost was estimated as Rs 16,606,390.00. Therefore, based on the cost the most suitable system for the subjected community is Eco-san. But according to communicant’s desire, land scarcity, and population growth as well as future forecast on water consumption, improvement of the living standards etc. simplified sewerage system was selected as the best sewerage disposal system to implement at Pitaniya Watta low income community

Radical remodeling of the Y chromosome in a recent radiation of malaria mosquitoes

open28openHall A.B.; Papathanos P.-A.; Sharma A.; Cheng C.; Akbari O.S.; Assour L.; Bergman N.H.; Cagnetti A.; Crisanti A.; Dottorini T.; Fiorentini E.; Galizi R.; Hnath J.; Jiang X.; Koren S.; Nolan T.; Radune D.; Sharakhova M.V.; Steele A.; Timoshevskiy V.A.; Windbichler N.; Zhang S.; Hahn M.W.; Phillippy A.M.; Emrich S.J.; Sharakhov I.V.; Tu Z.J.; Besansky N.J.Hall, A. B.; Papathanos, P. -A.; SHARMA DHAKAL, Apsara; Cheng, C.; Akbari, O. S.; Assour, L.; Bergman, N. H.; Cagnetti, A.; Crisanti, A.; Dottorini, T.; Fiorentini, E.; Galizi, R.; Hnath, J.; Jiang, X.; Koren, S.; Nolan, T.; Radune, D.; Sharakhova, M. V.; Steele, A.; Timoshevskiy, V. A.; Windbichler, N.; Zhang, Shangu; Hahn, M. W.; Phillippy, A. M.; Emrich, S. J.; Sharakhov, I. V.; Tu, Z. J.; Besansky, N. J

National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic.

Changing collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important component in mitigating virus transmission during a pandemic. In a large international collaboration (Study 1, N = 49,968 across 67 countries), we investigated self-reported factors associated with public health behaviours (e.g., spatial distancing and stricter hygiene) and endorsed public policy interventions (e.g., closing bars and restaurants) during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic (April-May 2020). Respondents who reported identifying more strongly with their nation consistently reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies. Results were similar for representative and non-representative national samples. Study 2 (N = 42 countries) conceptually replicated the central finding using aggregate indices of national identity (obtained using the World Values Survey) and a measure of actual behaviour change during the pandemic (obtained from Google mobility reports). Higher levels of national identification prior to the pandemic predicted lower mobility during the early stage of the pandemic (r = -0.40). We discuss the potential implications of links between national identity, leadership, and public health for managing COVID-19 and future pandemics

National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic (vol 13, 517, 2022) : National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic (Nature Communications, (2022), 13, 1, (517), 10.1038/s41467-021-27668-9)

Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2022.In this article the author name ‘Agustin Ibanez’ was incorrectly written as ‘Augustin Ibanez’. The original article has been corrected.Peer reviewe

Author Correction: National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic

Correction to: Nature Communications https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27668-9, published online 26 January 2022

Social and moral psychology of COVID-19 across 69 countries

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all domains of human life, including the economic and social fabric of societies. One of the central strategies for managing public health throughout the pandemic has been through persuasive messaging and collective behavior change. To help scholars better understand the social and moral psychology behind public health behavior, we present a dataset comprising of 51,404 individuals from 69 countries. This dataset was collected for the International Collaboration on Social Moral Psychology of COVID-19 project (ICSMP COVID-19). This social science survey invited participants around the world to complete a series of individual differences and public health attitudes about COVID-19 during an early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (between April and June 2020). The survey included seven broad categories of questions: COVID-19 beliefs and compliance behaviours; identity and social attitudes; ideology; health and well-being; moral beliefs and motivation; personality traits; and demographic variables. We report both raw and cleaned data, along with all survey materials, data visualisations, and psychometric evaluations of key variables

Social and moral psychology of COVID-19 across 69 countries

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all domains of human life, including the economic and social fabric of societies. One of the central strategies for managing public health throughout the pandemic has been through persuasive messaging and collective behaviour change. To help scholars better understand the social and moral psychology behind public health behaviour, we present a dataset comprising of 51,404 individuals from 69 countries. This dataset was collected for the International Collaboration on Social & Moral Psychology of COVID-19 project (ICSMP COVID-19). This social science survey invited participants around the world to complete a series of moral and psychological measures and public health attitudes about COVID-19 during an early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (between April and June 2020). The survey included seven broad categories of questions: COVID-19 beliefs and compliance behaviours; identity and social attitudes; ideology; health and well-being; moral beliefs and motivation; personality traits; and demographic variables. We report both raw and cleaned data, along with all survey materials, data visualisations, and psychometric evaluations of key variables

Author Correction: National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic

In this article the author name ‘Agustin Ibanez’ was incorrectly written as ‘Augustin Ibanez’. The original article has been corrected