Characteristics of wastewater from biofuel production

Wastewater is water contaminated with waste from industrial or agricultural production and household waste. Wastewater also includes water that is formed as a result of atmospheric precipitation within settlements and industrial facilities, sometimes called stormwater runoff. Wastewater treatment is the treatment for destroying or removing harmful pollutants from it. According to the degree of aggressiveness, wastewater is divided into weakly aggressive (slightly acidic with pH = 6-6.5 and weakly alkaline with pH = 8-9); strongly aggressive (strongly acidic with pH 9) and non-aggressive (with pH = 6.5-8)

Revisiting S.C.P.A. 17-A: Guardianship for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

This is a report of the Mental Health Law Committee and the Disability Law Committee of the New York City Bar Association. This report was researched and written by Karen Andreasian, Natalie Chin, Kristin Booth Glen, Beth Haroules, Katheine I. Hermann, Maria Kuns, Aditi Shah, and Naomi Weinstein on behalf of the New York City Bar Association. It has been reviewed and approved by the New York City Bar Association and is being published by the City University of New York Law Review in accordance with the Association’s protocols in the interest of bringing to publication an important contribution to the discussion on how the law should respond to people with intellectual disabilities

A Spitzer Spectroscopic Survey of Low Ionization Nuclear Emission-line Regions: Characterization of the Central Source

We have conducted a comprehensive mid-IR spectroscopic investigation of 67 Low Ionization Nuclear Emission Line Regions (LINERs) using archival observations from the high resolution modules of the Infrared Spectrograph on board the Spitzer Space Telescope. Using the [NeV] 14 and 24um lines as active galactic nuclei (AGN) diagnostics, we detect active black holes in 39% of the galaxies in our sample, many of which show no signs of activity in either the optical or X-ray bands. In particular, a detailed comparison of multi-wavelength diagnostics shows that optical studies fail to detect AGN in galaxies with large far-IR luminosities. These observations emphasize that the nuclear power source in a large percentage of LINERs is obscured in the optical. Indeed, the majority of LINERs show mid-IR [NeV]14/[NeV]24um flux ratios well below the theoretical low-density limit, suggesting that there is substantial extinction toward even the [NeV]-emitting region . Combining optical, X-ray, and mid-IR diagnostics, we find an AGN detection rate in LINERs of 74%, higher than previously reported statistics of the fraction of LINERs hosting AGN. The [NeV]24um /[OIV]26um mid-IR line flux ratio in "AGN-LINERs" is similar to that of standard AGN, suggesting that the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the intrinsic optical/UV continuum is similar in the two. This result is in contrast to previous suggestions of a UV deficit in the intrinsic broadband continuum emission in AGN-LINERs. Consistent with our finding of extinction to the [NeV]-emitting region, we propose that extinction may also be responsible for the observed optical/UV deficit seen in at least some AGN-LINERs.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap

Integral equations for the H- X- and Y-functions

We come back to a non linear integral equation satisfied by the function H, which is distinct from the classical H-equation. Established for the first time by Busbridge (1955), it appeared occasionally in the literature since then. First of all, this equation is generalized over the whole complex plane using the method of residues. Then its counterpart in a finite slab is derived; it consists in two series of integral equations for the X- and Y-functions. These integral equations are finally applied to the solution of the albedo problem in a slab.Comment: 20 pages, JQSRT, accepted 9 July 200

An improved map of the Galactic Faraday sky

We aim to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding Galactic Faraday rotation in an all-sky map of the Galactic Faraday depth. For this we have assembled the most extensive catalog of Faraday rotation data of compact extragalactic polarized radio sources to date. In the map making procedure we use a recently developed algorithm that reconstructs the map and the power spectrum of a statistically isotropic and homogeneous field while taking into account uncertainties in the noise statistics. This procedure is able to identify some rotation angles that are offset by an integer multiple of pi. The resulting map can be seen as an improved version of earlier such maps and is made publicly available, along with a map of its uncertainty. For the angular power spectrum we find a power law behavior with a power law index of -2.14 for a Faraday sky where an overall variance profile as a function of Galactic latitude has been removed, in agreement with earlier work. We show that this is in accordance with a 3D Fourier power spectrum P(k) proportional to k^-2.14 of the underlying field n_e times B_r under simplifying geometrical and statistical assumptions.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures. Update in one data catalog. All results are available at http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/ift/faraday